Here is a short list of information you need before getting a tattoo:

How long has the parlor been in business? This will give an indication of the quality of work and the overall reputation that you can expect for this business.

Does the tattoo parlor belong to the Better Business Bureau? If so you can check their record and find out if any complaints have been filed against them in the past few years.

What are the artists qualifications? Experience is a must. The experience and qualifications of a tattoo artist will indicate the quality of work that you can expect.

Is the tattoo parlor clean and sanitary? Tattoo artists work with needles on a daily basis. Sanitation is extremely important to prevent infection and diseases.

Does the tattoo studio guarantee their work? If you’re not satisfied with the outcome of the tattoo… you will no doubt want it fixed. Most professional studios will fix it without requiring any additional money. Refund policies are also important, especially if you’re not satisfied with the quality of workmanship.

What will the tattoo cost? Before getting a tattoo, you will want to know the full cost. Large tattoos can be quite expensive. You can save yourself time and prevent surprises by knowing the costs up front.

What about infections? Most tattoo artists will provide information about infections, and tell you how to prevent them. If this information is not provided, be certain to ask.

Asking questions before getting a tattoo is simply the smart thing to do. Remember this, if the tattoo artist hesitates to answer any question you ask or deflects any question leaving it unanswered, leave and find another tattoo artist.

Tattoos always have risks and getting the answers to your questions will go a long way to ease your concerns and make you feel better about the artist you will be working with.

In most cases, your tattoo artist will have an information sheet with a listing of aftercare instructions for taking care of tattoos. Be sure to listen closely to this advice and read all instructions carefully. If your artist doesn’t offer this information…be certain to ask.

Although tattoo artists differ in their recommendation, here are some general guidelines for taking care of tattoos:

Never shower immediately after getting a new tattoo. You should keep it dry for the first few days.

Always wash your hands before cleaning or moisturizing your new tattoo. There is always the possibility of infecting the tattoo, and surrounding area, until it has completely healed.

Your new tattoo should be cleaned at least twice a day. Your tattoo artist will tell you how long to maintain this care. If not, be sure to ask.

Apply antibacterial ointment regularly do not rub too hard or you could damage the soft tissue. Be careful not to itch or scratch the skin or scab on or around your new tattoo. Doing so could damage the tattoo design.

By taking care of tattoos in these early stages, you will ensure that your tattoo heals properly and remains infection free. Following the above advice will guarantee a long and healthy life for your new tattoo.

Tattooing as an art form has over the years been claimed by many countries tribal and ethnic groups. In many cases it is the same scenario of what came first – the chicken or the egg. We will probably never really know who were the first people to mark their skins.

We do know, and indeed there is much evidence, of this ancient and totally unique practice has been carried out since the beginning of time and body decoration is nothing new.

From scarification to body painting, piercing (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) to the less permanent wearing of jewellery. Hair styles, even make-up, to the emergence in recent years of cosmetic surgery. People have always striven to change one’s appearance, and for millions of people throughout time, tattooing has been one of the most popular forms of permanent body art.

One country that probably has done more than almost any other, in securing tattooing’s place in history are the Islands of Great Britain. And as an Island race of people it is not surprising that Britain has such a tradition in this art form.

From royalty and the famous – to the common person, they have all stood shoulder to shoulder in enduring the pain, and the pleasure of becoming tattooed. In England there is a saying that horse riding is the sport of kings, and if that’s the case it is only fair in saying that tattooing is the art of the people.

Even the famed English naturalist Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882), who not only upset religious groups and scientists throughout the civilised world with his thoughts on evolution, which appeared in his books the origin of species (1859) and the decent of man (1871).

His theories that man descended from lower animal forms caused great controversy, he also spoke of tattooing. Darwin’s scientific knowledge was gained when he served as a naturalist on the HMS Beagle in its surveys of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans during the years 1831 to 1836.

The Beagle did indeed land and explore many Islands in the Pacific regions and it was on the Beagles voyages that prompted Darwin to write about tattooing in his journal after meeting many natives with tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) marks. He stated that there is no nation on earth that did not know of this phenomenon.

Charles Darwin went on to have a very varied and distinguished career and many papers were published of his life’s work. As for the upset he caused by his theories, it soon died down as he was honoured by many scientific societies throughout the world.

Darwin’s life ended on the 19th of April 1882 and possibly the greatest honour that could be bestowed on someone of his importance was that he was buried in Westminster Abbey on April the 26th of the same year.

For tattooing to be mentioned in such distinguished company made many people re-look at the art, many finding that they were standing at the dawn of a new era in indelible history.

But where did all begin for Britain, we know from documented evidence that the Board of the British Council of Churches in Calcutte, Northumberland, England, banned body markings. Claiming it to be a pagan practice, in 787 AD.
Little is really known of what type of markings were made prior to this. We know that Roman emperor Caesar wrote that all Briton’s stain their skins with woad and Herod of Antioch was truly amazed to find that Briton’s wear animals “incised” into their bodies.

We also know that the Pict’s of Scotland also painted their bodies in blue woad and in some cases some believe that they were also tattooed. Later it was thought that many of the Anglo-Saxon kings of England were tattooed, but much of this was conjecture as the first true fact of royalty being tattooed was King Harold II (1022-1066).

It was at the famous battle of Hastings where his tattoos were recorded for prosperity. Romantically the plight of Harold Godwinson of Wessex, the last Anglo-Saxon king of England and his sad demise has somewhat had the overtones of a romantic fable.

Rightly he died defending his country heroically, falling to a blow from the sword of a Norman knight and not the popular belief that he was killed by an arrow through the eye.

As for the tattooing it is also thought that Harold’s sister Edith picked out his mutilated body on the battle field by depicting the words Edith and England that were pricked (tattooed) on his chest.

King Harold’s remains were buried on the battle field and a memorial stone marks this, in the grounds of Battle Abbey. Later the King was reburied in Waltham Abbey. The confusion surrounding Harold’s death arises from the Bayeux tapestry which shows a soldier pulling an arrow from his eye and another warrior dying at the blade of a sword.

William of Poitiers who recorded the battle, noted that Harold was stripped of all regalia and could not be identified by his face, only by his body markings. Also it must be said that the battle of Hastings should have been called the battle of Senlac Ridge as this is where Harold fell on the 14th day of October 1066, eleven miles from the town of Hastings.

The next Englishman to establish tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) links was Sir Martin Frobisher (1535-1595) who in 1576 set out on three unsuccessful voyages to find a north west passage to China.

Frobisher did find a certain amount of fame when he bought back to England an Eskimo women from one of his trips, who had chin and forehead tattoos. Frobisher went on to even greater achievements, when in 1586 he sailed as Vice-Admiral, in an expedition with Drake to the West Indies.

Two years later, Frobisher was given charge of a ship that helped defeat the Armada, and so distinguishing himself that he was knighted upon his own ship. Frobisher was later to die in battle from a fatal wound he received on the 14th of January 1595.

Meanwhile with the banning of tattooing by the church, it became an activity that almost died out. Going underground until the golden age of the pirate and explorers. So many tales and fables were being told of marked people in far off places, by seaman fascinating the people who were eager to listen.

In the journal of British settler, John Smith (1579-1631). He recorded of how he became a settler in Virginia, USA and of how he was captured by Indians and just as he was about to be put to death he was saved by a thirteen year old girl called Pocahontas.

Not only was Smith saved he was subsequently adopted by the tribe, and in his writings he told of how the Indian of Virginia, had legs, arms and their face’s decorated with black spots, presumably being tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) marks. The name Pocahontas was thought to have been a romantic legend for many years, but she was a real person.

She was also a princess sometimes known as Matoaka the daughter of Powhattan the over King of the North American Indians at the time. Later she did marry a white man and he was John Rolfe. Pocahontas came with Rolfe to England in 1616 but died in less then a year of her arrival.

Not much is in evidence of tattooing in Britain in the forthcoming years and we had to wait until 1691 when the tales of William Dampier (1652-1715) became reality.

Historically Dampier was the first Englishman to set foot in Australia. Although he was not a great explorer and did not find anything that the Dutch had not found before him, he was somewhat of a colourful character and a noted buccaneer and great navigator. It was on one of his journeys to the South Seas where Dampier came across Scottish Explorer Alexander Selkirk, who was marooned on an uninhibited Island. This event was to later prompt Daniel Defoe’s famous book “Robinson Crusoe”.

William Dampier was born in Somerset, England and at an early age he wanted to see the world. At 18 he became a ships apprentice and did just that. Travelling the world three times, and after many adventures, Dampier returned to England on the 16th of September 1691, bringing with him the tattooed prince Giolo. Who soon became an instant attraction and crowds would come for miles around to see him, as Giolo was tattooed from head to toe.

It was said that one of his five wives did his tattoos, on his Island home of Meangis in the Philippines. He appeared at many carnivals throughout England, and Dampier was extremely happy with his new tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) wonder. But alas it was not to last as Giolo became ill and died of smallpox in Oxford, England three months after arriving in Britain, 77 years before Cook set sail on his voyage of discovery.

And it’s that year we move onto, it was King George III of England, who on the recommendation of the Royal Society. Gave his blessings to an expedition to Tahiti to observe and record the transit of the planet Venus, which was due to pass between the earth and the sun on June the 3rd 1769. The Island of Tahiti in the South Pacific was chosen. For it was believed to be the best place the transit could be observed.

The royal society had the person who they wanted to lead the expedition and he was Alexander Dalrymple the renowned geographer and astronomer. But due to his lack of seafaring knowledge the Lords of the Admiralty would not consider him for the post, preferring instead to give the command to a 40 year old James Cook making him a lieutenant in the process.

The ship chosen for the voyage was formerly the Earl of Pembroke, a 368 ton vessel, which was a heavy but small ship. After a refit and a name change she became the Endeavour, and when she set sail from Plymouth, England, on the 19th of august 1768.

She had 94 men on board and provisions for 18 months. As it was decided by the admiralty that Cook would combine the observation of Venus with the voyage of discovery to the unknown Islands of the South Seas. And on the 11th of April 1769, King George Island (later known as Tahiti) was sighted.

Two days later Cook and a crew party stepped ashore for the first time. Little did Cook or the Admiralty back home in England know, that when they commissioned the voyage, they would unknowingly rekindle the art and passion of pricking (formerly the name for tattooing), and restarting the tradition of sailors the world over.

Contrary to popular belief it was not Cook who reintroduced the word tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) (from the Polynesian word tattow) back into the English language, as a means of marking the skin. (The word tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) has been with us in the English language since 1644, denoting the beat of a drum and a military term).

It was Joseph Banks (later Sir Joseph) who first recorded the name and customs of the people who wore the marks, and it was his observations that secured tattooing’s place back into British history. Through his journals Banks described the designs, the application and he also went into detail on how he was truly mystified why the people of Tahiti put themselves through so much pain. He also found that the body makings were performed on the natives between the ages 14 and 18.

Now with the transit of Venus having been observed, it was time for the Endeavour to set sail on possibly her greatest voyage. The date being the 13th of July 1769, and it was on this day that Cook told his crew of the secret orders of the Admiralty and that they were not to return home straight away.

So on the 7th of October the unexplored East Coast of New Zealand was reached. And two days later Cook went ashore with a party of men. A century before Dutch navigator Abel Janszoon Tasman (1603-1659), first sighted New Zealand. But Tasman’s expedition comprising of two ships the Heemskirk and the Zeehaen didn’t land of the newly found Island.

The natives who quickly surrounded the now anchored ships, seemed far to fierce, and indeed four men were killed when a boat from the Zeehaen dispatched to land on the Island, was rammed by the Maori’s. This shocked Tasman so much that he didn’t bother to try and land the Dutch flag on the Island, which he named Murderers Bay.

This also at first proved a problem for Cook and his men when they landed on New Zealand as four of the Islanders ran at them with long clubs, which prompted one of the crew to fire a shot over their heads. But this did not stop them and after a second and third shot killed one of the attackers, it made the others retreat.

The next day a Tahitian chief called Tupia, who had travelled from his home with the ship, approached the Maori’s who could understand his speech and persuaded them that Cook and his men meant no harm. But more trouble flared and three more of the Maori’s were killed. So with this Cook decided to turn north, and for the next six months he charted the coast and discovered that New Zealand was two Islands and not part of a larger land mass.

Also on this voyage were the men that in the days of no photography had the job of recording what had been seen via paintings and drawings. There were two artists on the trip, one being Alexander Buchan, the second Sydney Parkinson. Buchan was a landscape painter and his task was to paint the places which had been visited. But arguably Parkinson had the more important role in drawing wild life and specimens that were found.

Meanwhile Banks was busy writing in his journals, and he noted the tattoos of the people, and he wrote of the facial marks that seemed to have a channelled look. He also noted a broad spiral on the buttocks was quite common and that the women seemed to mark their lips black. Banks was most impressed with the Moko (facial tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul)) and how it gave the Maori a more frightening appearance, and although Banks thought the markings were ugly he admired the elegance of them.

Banks became so fascinated by what he had seen, and to go along with his scientific nature he found that he was to become the first Englishman to come into the ownership of a preserved Maori tattooed head on the 20th of January 1770. Hence starting the activity in the buying or trading of Mokoed heads from decapitated bodies. Banks picked the head from a batch of four that were brought to the ship Endeavour for the naturalist to inspect, and the head he chose was that of a young man of 14 to 15 years old. The other heads were not required.

During this time Sydney Parkinson did many drawings of the natives with tattoos, and he also made diagrams of the instruments that were used to tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) the people. In his papers that were published in 1773 he went into great detail of the tattooing and probably more in depth than Banks’ account, for Parkinson even had some tattoos put upon himself. So he did have a first hand knowledge of the art. Today Sydney Parkinson’s drawings can be seen at the British Museum London, England.

William Bligh (1754-1817) was Sailing Master on Cook’s second voyage to the Pacific sailing from Plymouth, England on July the 13th 1771, and on this trip Bligh did indeed make his name by discovering the Breadfruit, gaining the nickname Breadfruit Bligh.

It was also on this trip, that the commander of Cook’s second ship “Adventure.” Captain Tibias Furneaux, who on Cook’s orders, took back to England in 1774 the Polynesian Omai, who was placed into the care of the Earl of Sandwich, first Lord of the admiralty, and Joseph Banks who gave Omai lessons in the art of manners.

Soon Omai became the wonder of the age. He met royalty and many of England’s most fashionable citizens, he even became a frequent visitor to most of London’s theatres and was regarded as one of the capitals most exciting figures. It was also said that Omai was tattooed but not much is recorded of his body markings.

After much success Omai was to return home to the Island of Huaheine with Cook on the “Resolution” in 1776. William Bligh also sailed on Cook’s third and final voyage to the South Seas. It was on this ship in 1776, Cook recorded in his log, that he was amazed when he landed on the Sandwich Island (Lord Sandwich commissioned the expedition to the Island, later to be known as Hawaii).

The inhabitants were darker than the Tahitians but spoke in a similar language and were a handsome race with the men being variously tattooed. Now this was the last mention of tattooing in the official records of Cook. As it was on this trip (the third) on the 14th of February 1779, the brilliant career and life of James Cook ended, killed by the natives of Hawaii.

The surviving members of the two ships of Cooks last voyage the “Resolution” and “Discovery” returned to England, and it was the navigation skills of William Bligh on the “Resolution” that enabled the safe return of both ships. In official admiralty records it states that Bligh was indeed equal in terms of navigation and cartography.

But he was also a man of completely different character and he was said to have had an uncertain temperament and a sharp tongue and hated any form of inefficiency. Perhaps it was his at times rude and insensitive nature, that led men under his command to commit the sin of mutiny, and three times did Bligh suffer this in his career.

The second of the three mutinies was in 1797. Bligh’s ship the “Director” was taken from his command and he was put ashore by the officers of the vessel, and in the subsequent court proceedings that were to follow, Bligh was cleared of any wrong doings.

So in 1805, he was thought to be the right person to become governor of the convict colony of New South Wales in Australia. Little did he know at the time, that the scene was set for the third mutiny of his career. This was not to be on the high seas, for it was his tough administration on the convicts, and even the farmers and his own officers that led him to be hated. It was the banning of rum rations, that was considered to be currency at the time, which led to the famous rum rebellion ending Bligh’s 18 months as governor.

On the 9th of March 1809 Bligh was put upon the HMS Porpoise and returned to England. Now in terms of British history nothing was ever said of tattooing in these two events of his life, but he did mention tattooing on a number of occasions in his official log of possibly the ship many remember Bligh for, the Bounty.

First it must be said that although many thought Bligh was a difficult man, he also had many admirers. On his return of the last voyage of Cook, he found that his country needed him, for he was appointed master of a captured French frigate “The Belle Poule,” which Bligh took into action against the French and Spanish. Helping in the relief of Gibraltar, returning to England on the 14th of November 1782, with honour and distinction.

This was to be Bligh’s last engagement with the Royal Navy for five years. Bligh settled down with his wife and first daughter Harriet Marie at their home on Douglas, Isle of Man. It was his wife’s uncle, Duncan Campbell a merchant, but importantly for Bligh a ship owner at the time, persuaded him to return to his beloved sea, becoming commander of Campbell’s ships.

Later taking the post main agent to the port of Lucea for a number of months. With this now well paid job his duties were to bring ship loads of rum and sugar via the Atlantic. Bligh’s life was very happy and his wife gave birth to two more daughters. One of the ships Bligh was master of was the “Britannia” and it was on this, where Bligh first sailed with 21 year old Fletcher Christian and a great friendship was born.

It was not long for William Bligh to be recognised again for his great seafaring skills. The now Sir Joseph Banks was president of the royal society, and with a large financial interest in the West Indies and with his constant worries about providing cheap food for plantation workers. Banks remembered Bligh’s breadfruit, and it was needed to make the West Indies more self sufficient as at the time America’s War of Independence was making it very hard to bring imported food over from North America.

Early in 1787 discussions about the transport of breadfruit began. In May of that year the voyage to secure the plants was given the blessing of King George III. Bligh through Banks insistence was given the news of his newest command on August the 5th. Which for a 33 year old was a great honour indeed.

The vessel chosen by Banks for the trip was a merchant ship called the “Bethia”, but first she had to undergo great modifications and a large greenhouse had to be installed in the two year old ship. As it was the wish of Banks that 1,000 plants should be collected on the voyage.

At the end of September the “Bethia” was refitted and she underwent a name change becoming HMS Bounty. The Bounty’s mission was a trading one, Bligh set about securing, 2,800 knife blades, 1,000 knives with sheaves. Thousands of nails, screws, hatchets, mirrors, beads, and clothes, which Bligh knew the Polynesians loved and were worth a fortune in their local currency, but to Bligh the items he bought cost a mere £120 pounds in England.

All the crew of the Bounty, apart from gardener David Nelson and his assistant William Brown who were picked by Banks, were picked by Bligh personally for the two year journey. First on Bligh’s list was his new found friend Fletcher Christian who was 22 years old. All in all Bligh’s company consisted of 45 men, and his orders were to sail from England to Tahiti, some 12,000 miles, to collect the breadfruit plants and take them to the British West Indies.

So the Bounty left England on the 23rd of December 1787. But to Bligh’s horror he soon found that some of the men had left a lot to be desired. The ship’s surgeon James Huggan, was a drunk. Others were insubordinate, inexperienced and lazy for such a voyage, It was Bligh’s passion to sail around the Cape of Good Hope, that led to many mutterings of discontent from the crew, as it was now the wrong time of the year, and much too dangerous to attempt.

It has been said that this failure led Bligh’s criticising and abusive manner to his officers in front of the lower ranked members of the crew. This was all forgotten when the Bounty finally reached Tahiti. The men found the natives extremely friendly, as the Polynesians went out of their way for their new friends.

Bligh himself was said to have been treated like a King by them, and even when it was discovered that they had arrived too late to collect the bread fruit saplings and they would have to spend six months before the next harvest didn’t unduly worry Bligh. And instead of sending his men on exploratory trips, Bligh gave his men unlimited shore leave.

But the only thing this achieved was to make the men become sloppy and supplies were left to rot, nails and metal became rusty as the men spent more time with the native women, living a carefree life. It was during this time Bligh wrote in his log of the tattooing of many of the crew who were getting pictures of what the natives had been putting upon themselves.

So with what Bligh was seeing he ordered that the men returned to the Bounty and shore leave was cancelled. This did not please the men and three of them deserted only to be captured later by Bligh. Discipline was again maintained and after 27 weeks 1,015 plants were collected and the Bounty set sail for the Indies.

Things seemed to be going well until one night William Bligh accused Fletcher Christian of stealing a coconut, and after a very public row Christian returned to his cabin in anger. Later that night Christian asked two members of the crew to help him secure material so that he could make a raft and escape over the side, as the Bounty was still fairly close to the Island they had just left. And when midshipmen George Stewart told Christian that the men were ripe for anything, this sparked the famous mutiny on the Bounty.

On the morning of the 28th of April 1789 Bligh and 18 men were put into a boat with provisions and set adrift. Only one man was lost in the next 41 days it took for the open boat to reach the Dutch Island of Timor, and it is still regarded today as one of the greatest feats of navigation in British Naval history.

Upon Bligh’s return to England he was court marshalled for his loss of his ship but was honourably acquitted. At the court marshal Bligh read from his log and described the mutineers (which he called Pirates). He gave the men’s height, their ages, colour of eyes and all the tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) marks they had acquired on Tahiti.

Bligh’s log went into great detail about the men’s tattoo’s. Of all the 25 who mutinied 21 were tattooed. Each and every one’s tattoos were carefully recorded by Bligh in his records. The official log of the Bounty is housed in the public records office in Kew, London, England. As for Bligh himself, after a long and eventful career he retired to live in a small village in Kent, England, dying a Rear Admiral in 1817.

Meanwhile back in New Zealand, not only did the white man bring with him, when he first started to live on the Islands many things that fascinated the Maori, he also brought disease and to coincide with the inter-tribal wars in the 1820s. It was feared that the Maori people would die out.

For histories sake, it was decided that the people and the customs of the Maori should be recorded and Major-General Horatio Robley became one such recorder. Robley himself saw battle at Gate Pa and Te Ranga. The major, who was only in New Zealand for two years drew many drawings and painted a number of paintings that depicted the Maori Moko which he did on the battlefields. Many of the works of the tattooed Maori’s became classic historical records of this period in time.

Upon retirement from the British army, Robley went on to publish one of the best books on Maori tattooing, called “Moko” in 1896. Today many of the items of Robley’s collection of tattooing and other Maori artefacts are housed in the British museum London. Also around this time in the mid 1880s, British Governor of New Zealand Sir George Grey had many Maori Moko’s copied by having facial masks cast of Maori chiefs, so that the people could see their tattooed marks easier.

Back in Britain the stories of Bligh’s plight with the HMS Bounty, and with the successes of Giolo and Omai, it was not uncommon for seafaring men to give up the sea to become tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) exhibits at fairgrounds. Some even aroused curiosity in the medical profession, earning large sums of money. And not just men, as many women became tattooed icons, and a certain Miss Cary appeared at a London theatre describing how, as a child she was kidnapped and elaborately tattooed.

Another person who also claimed to have been unwillingly tattooed was John Rutherford who in 1827 arrived on the exhibition scene. His first appearance being in his home town of Bristol, England. His body had tribal marks on his arms and legs and torso, but more amazingly for the people of England he had the full Maori Moko on his face.

Rutherford would stand and tell how he was captured in 1816 by a tribe of New Zealand Maori’s and forcibly tattooed during a ritual. He also told tales of how it took up to six weeks at a time for his tattoo’s to heal and how he managed to escape and return to England. It was said that he made quite a tidy profit with the tales of his story.

Later in life Rutherford did admit that much of it was fabricated, but he insisted that the Maori Moko on his face was genuine and done in New Zealand.

Now with the tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) attractions being displayed, tattooing took on a new significance with members of the British public. But it was not until 1862, when tattooing really took off in terms of popularity, for it was in that year the Prince of Wales, later becoming King Edward VII visited the holy land of Jerusalem.

Whilst he was there, and at the age of 18, he was tattooed by Francois Souwan, who tattooed the prince’s arm with a cross. In later years the prince was also tattooed by Britain’s Tom Riley and Sutherland Macdonald.

The prince of Wales, Edward became King of England upon the death of his mother Queen Victoria in 1901. Before this, other stories started to appear in the popular press and Britain’s law courts, and it was the strange case of Sir Roger Tichborne in 1872 that again brought tattooing into the forefront of public attention.

It was believed that the unfortunate Sir Roger was shipwrecked some twenty years previously and was lost in the great tragedy. So the reappearance after the twenty years of Sir Roger caused great concern for the family, as the man who reappeared tried to reclaim Tichborne house, the residence his family had owned for the last 800 years.

During the court case that followed tattoos did play an important part in proving that the man was a fraud, as it was when the friends of Sir Roger asked the man to show the many tattoos that the real Sir Roger had upon his body. He could not show such marks on himself.

The man turned out to be London butcher Arthur Orton, who for his trouble obtained a prison sentence for his deception. In the summing up of the case chief justice Cockburn called the tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) evidence conclusive in the trial.

The case of Sir Roger Tichborne did stir the peoples imagination but not as much as when the two royal princes Prince Albert Victor and Prince George Frederick Earnest Albert, were reported to have been tattooed while serving in the royal navy on HMS Bacchante in 1879. The first story of the boys getting tattooed was when they visited the botanical gardens in Barbados, where they were encouraged to have a whiff of some large lilies which were on display.

By doing this, their face’s became covered with yellow pollen, and an enterprising young journalist telegraphed back to England, that the princes had their nose’s tattooed with anchors. Upon hearing of this the boy’s mother Princess Alexandria wrote on December 30th 1879. “How could you have your imprudent snout tattooed? What an object you must look and won’t everyone stare at the ridiculous boy with an anchor on his nose. Why on earth could you not put it somewhere else?”

This prompted the boy’s tutor, who was with them on the voyage John Neale Dolton, to reply back on January the 27th 1880. “I wish to set your Royal Highness’ mind at rest about the tattooing. The noses are without any flack marks, scratch or spot of any kind. The skin is as clear and white, as the day they left home.”

The boys did at a later date become tattooed, and its said that they were tattooed by Hori-Chyo of Yokohama Japan, on the third cruise of the HMS Bacchantes (which departed on the 14th of September 1880, returning to England on the 5th of August 1882).

On this, the boy’s last cruise, they visited the Holy Land and at Jerusalem the two princes got tattooed, and in an official letter to his mother, Prince George wrote “we have been tattooed by the same old man who tattooed papa, and the same thing too, five crosses. You ask Papa to show you his arm.” This was to be the recorded evidence of the princes to be tattooed in official records, and for the record Prince Albert Victor, who was affectionately known as prince Eddie, became the Duke of Clarence and Avondale in May 1890. Having two years earlier caused a royal scandal by becoming a suspect in the Jack the Ripper enquiry’s.

Albert who was first born was indeed in line for the throne of England, but he died in 1892, this putting George in line to succeed, and on the death of his father Edward VII in 1910 he became King of Great Britain. Ruling until his own death in 1936.

So with the stories of the two princes becoming tattooed, tattooing became in vogue for many people and it was not uncommon for the higher classes of British society to show their newly acquired body markings.

Arguably the most significant factor to the re-emergence of the ancient art of tattooing would have to be the electric tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) machine. Overnight turning the long drawn out process of hand tattooing, into a relative, slick, clean almost painless procedure.

And we have to dive into the annuals of British history to find the significance of the first electric tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) machine, which was invented by Irish American Samuel O’Riley and was patented at the United States Patent Office on December the 8th 1891.

The machine O’Riley invented, derived from the earlier autographic printing pen Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) had invented and patented on October the 29th 1875 in London, England, patent number 3762.

It is not known why Edison patented his device in Britain before his native America. He did receive the US patent for his machine in 1876. If O’ Rileys machine did resemble the Edison autographic pen. Then it can be said that the first British tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) machine patent was that issued to Sutherland Macdonald.

Paul Sayce

Tattoo…sometimes a letter or a calligraphy, sometimes a figure or a picture… Sometimes for being adorned, sometimes for aiming to emphasize something…but perhaps the oldest way of self-expression of human kind…

Proffessor Spindler has announced in 1991 that the “Ice Man” found in the mountains on the Austrian-Italian border, had tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) on his body. His time is assumed to be a period, most probably from 38 thousand B.C. to 10 thousand B.C. Resources tell us about tattoos in ancient times made of reed and leaf pigments, also denoting the tattoos were found on some of the Egyptian mummies remained from 2000 B.C. In those times, people believed that the tattoos were protecting them against bogeys, sicknesses, and witchcrafts, as well as tatto was a symbol of status at the same time. Symbols and motives implied messages infering the personalities. When those messages of traditional figures and symbols used in tattoos were analysed, it was noticed that it was a kind of calligraphy.

Tattoos of imaginary creatures, and ram figures formed by extremely neat drawings are seen on the bodies found in Hun cairns, which were inspired by a very decorative conception. Those religious-magical based tattoos are believed to be done by injecting a tint, which possibly derived by soot, into the skin. As in the tattoos on the body of a Hun leader found in the Pazyryk cairn, we know that noble heroes in Hun society might get tattoos and later this tradition was carried on by Kazakhs and Khirghiz by applying tattoos on the persons who were qualified as heroes.

It is seen on the bodies found in Tashtyk graves, and later in one of the Altyn Yysh graves that some parts of the bodies were adorned by tattoos depicting hunting scenes.

Ancient Thrace tribes respected tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) as a sign of nobility, whereas it was a seal of immorality for the ancient Greeks. Tattoos were used by ancient Romans for identifying the criminals, same as seen in England in 19th century. Introduced by the Algerian sailors, tattoing spreaded among the Ottoman sea men, which has been started to be fashioned by the Jenissaries as of 17th century in order to signify the company which they had belonged to, and continued until the Jenissary troops had been abolished.

From this point of view, tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) may be appraised as a hint of the beliefs and lives of the people of past cultures, therefore it is a subject which should be examined in hierographically, etnographically and anthropologically.

Just the same as myths, symbols represents the same properties in universal criterion; they form the link between the reality and imagination. No matter how the ethnic societies, languages, beliefs, living styles differ, the language of the symbols is common.

It is possible to see that the tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) is being made for similar reasons by using similiar geometrical figures almost all over the world. It differs only in application technique, from the variety of the material used, and the part of the body where the tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) is done.

According to the mythological sense, there is always a like, a match of each being in nature regardless of it is visible or not. Hence tales, legends and myths are full of mythological ciphers. The figures in the central Mesopotamian civilization, which has reached at metaphysics earlier, were mostly symbolical. Eye figure symbolizes abundance and fertility, or a protection against the evil eye; a star stands for happiness; a family tree is for life; and a bird figure symbolizes life and soul. Such figures in tattos as snake, bull, bird, eagle, cow, deer, helical two snakes, circle and rings, bangles, dods, triangles, octagons, square, halved quadrangles, circular dods inside geomatrical figures, all these in a way represent to sanctify the mother goddess, consequently the fertility of the mother as the source of life, abundance of offspring, the womb, insemination in the womb of mother, evolution phases of the fetus, and finally life and death. Sun and moon figures which are seen very often, stand for the source of life again, as well as the will of eternal living.

Even though the cross figure is known as the symbol of Christianity, in fact the history of this figure goes backwards far beyond. It was believed to stand a propitious destination with its colors, also to deprive of the effect of the evil eyes. A circle pierced by a reverse arrow head symbolizes the the fertility and abundance as an indication of impregnation.

Tattoo in Anatolia :

Traditional tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) has been fashioned by various societies on a very large geography. It was mostly seen in South-Eastern Anatolia. It was called as “dek” in this region’s history. The male tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) masters were called as “dekkak”, whereas the females were called as “dekkake”; the man who had tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) was called as “medkuk” whereas the female was called as “medkuke”.

A nomadic tribe lived in South-Eastern Anatolia, Karachis took on tattoing as a proffession. They preferred to make it in their adult ages and at the beginning of spring as season.

Tattoo was common among the females. The main factor which discriminates the difference in the figures was the sexuality. Tattoo was markedly revealing the difference between the man and woman with its structure and way of making.

Tattoo as a habbit became common especially in Eastern and South-Eastern regions of Anatolia.

During the researchs in the Barak district of Gaziantep in 1991, tattoos were encountered on the hands, faces and bodies of the native men and women over the age of 40-45; these tattoos were called as “dövün” in the area. These dövüns could only seen as a spot on the right cheek of the young women aged around 18-20.

It is reported that dövün was being made to the ones who wanted to have, by small nomadic clans called “gurbet” in the district, who were making their livings by bartering sundries like trinkets, needles and pins with comestibles like eggs, barley, wheat, etc. until 15-20 years past, but not continuing any longer. Before the dövün applied, the figure which was designated by the client or gurbet, was drafted on the body by means of burnt match stick heads. The pigment compound, which was derived from the sheep’s bile, or from the soot remained underneath of the cauldrons, was penetrated into the skin by digging of pins tightly sheafed as three or nine pcs. (these numbers are known with their mystical meanings) After the crusted wound healed, the figure appeared.

Dövün, is mostly prefered by the women to be applied on the chin, under chin, ankle, neck, breast, and on the hands; whereas the men prefer to have it on the nose, center of the forehead, on the hand, wrist, and on the arm.

Among the most common tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) figures for women, we can count comb and mirror figures seen on the hand or ankle; star usually done on the face, and ring figures on the ankle. Besides, baby gazelle figure starting from under chin, continuing on the neck and taking on a shape on the two breasts, which had been drawn attention on a few women aged around 60.

On men, most common figures are the names and expressions written in Arabic caligraphy, as well as such figures like lion, snake, moon, mostly applied on the temples and on the arms.

The general answer to the question “why tattoing?” is, “for the purpose of garnishment”, however some men and women aged over 60 say that they have it also for the belief of luck bringing, boosting the earnings, increasing the abundunce. Additionally there is another belief existing among the women who are not capable of getting pregnant, that they can overcome this problem by having a tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) on their waists. On the other hand, most of them say that they don’t like tattoos, because they are regarded as odd and anachronistic in the urban environment, even by their own children or grandchildren. Some of them tried to remove the figures on their faces by the help of some acid materials but never succeeded.

During a reserach in a Turkmen village in Çankırı district in 1994, it has been captured the attention that all the women aged aroound 50-55 had a crescent and star figure only in the center of the forehead upon the nose, but definitely nothing on anywhere else on the body. The main particularity about these tattoos was, the pigment was made by mixing soot with the fresh milk of a young mother who has just given birth to a baby daughter. Tattooing tool was familiar three needles tied in and the local people told that it was a traditional way of trimming inherited by the ancestors.

Most common figures in districts like Urfa, Mardin and Diyarbakır, is also called “dak”, or “dek”, a figure stylizing five fingers, which is seen especially on the temples of the heads. This figure can also be seen in Gaziantep district. As S.V. Örnek stated, these figuresare very much resembling to the wooden symbols which are placed at the bed side of the graves in Kızılcahamam, called “Yenge Mezarı” (affinal aunt grave).

It is possible to find similiar figures having religious, or magical, or mythological, or social or sexual status, or tribal meanings almost in our all cultural beings such as grave stones, weavings, architecture, ornamantation techniques, etc., which you can easily match with the traditional tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) figures. The belief about such figures save the one from the sicknesses, evil eye and bring goodness and bravery to them is still continuing nowadays.

After the studies performed around Urfa, Mardin, Diyarbakır areas of Upper Mesopotamia region, it was ascertained that the tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) is made for such reasons as:

Protection against wicked effects, providing luck: Avoiding of getting harmed from evil forces, getting rid of the hex coming over them, escaping from bad luck; applying the figures of predadory animals, poisonous critters like snake, scorpion, in order to protect himself or family from getting harmed by such animals; tattooing the children in order to prevent children deaths which were supposed to be caused by evil forces; for the purpose of insemination, to provide the continuity of the descendance and having rich crop from their farming, and to achieve the good taste and blessing in their cookings.

Keeping the good health and healing the illness : It was believed that the tattoos done on the temples and asround the eyes were curing the head and eye aches. Those done on the arms, wrists and on-hands were deemed to be good for healing such illnesses as intestinal pain and sciatica.

Relation-nobility and tribal symbols : Each tribe has its own symbol. The figures and the part of the body where it’s done differ from tribe to tribe. No one can have the symbol of another tribe else than his own tribe. Otherwise that was a reason of war. Carrying a tribal tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) signifies the devotion to a tribe as well as it makes oneself feel more secure. It’s also a mark of nobility. Furthermore, carrying a tribal tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) had practical daily advantages : The tribe of the one who was killed or wounded in a battle, or lost, or committed a crime, could have been easily identified by his tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul).

Sexuality – fertility – beauty : Tattoos have been being respected and made use by the women as an efective means of expressing their inclinations such as sexuality; love, as well as a jewelry to charm the counter-sex, and as a token of beauty. Besides, it’s still being used commonly for the function of inseminating and fertility in connection to the sexuality. On the contrary, it was also used as a means of sexual message for men to the women, but as the symbol of power and glory, rather than an ornamentation as it was for the women.

Whatever the figures, the part of the body they are applied, and the material it is made of are, obviously tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) culture has been taken as an effective magical means for mankind to run their biological lives.

The human has been in search of finding the meanings of natural events. When he couldn’t have achieved that, he had embodied them in forms of images, icons and symbols, to turn them into touchable and understandable objects; he has been making use of the magic of these symbols since thousands of years in order to equalize himself with the natural powers, consequently to continue his entity by establishing a system of meaning and power which could have been explicable for himself in nature.

Tattoo today :

Tattoo, which has found a very large field of application today in the Western world, becoming more trendy style of body ornamentation day by day, especially amongst the youth of urban life.

The apetite of manhood for private way of expressing himself to himself which has been coming through the history, still remains as the primary reason of tattoing even today. Although it seems that the general aim is ornamentation, when the matter is examined social-psychologically, deep motive of tattooing wish can be various thoughts and desires such as to give a clear message about his/her personality, to impress others, to prove him/herself especially for the youngsters, to be recognized, to be different.

Before getting tattooed :

Keeping in mind that a tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) is something you’ll carry on your body for a life time, first of all you must think a lot about it before giving a decision. As it is mentioned in Anatolian tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) culture, it is recommended that tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) should be applied after teenage, otherwise it has a risk of deformation as the body is still in the growing process during the teen ages. Besides, considering that the personality is usually hesitant and feverish in those ages, one may feel regret later, therefore it’s more appropriate to wait for being an adult for having a tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul).

Tattoo application :

Tattoo can be defined as an operation in which a pigment material, that can not be removed totally by the structure, is penetrated on the surface underneath the skin via a certain technique. Underlaying is made by opening chinks or holes on the skin with the help of spiky devices, and the pigment material is allowed to penetrate into these chinks or holes with the help of devices like needles. Or like Eskimos do, the pigment is placed under the skin with the help of a thread smeared in soot, by inserting through the skin after the skin is pierced by the needle. Another technique is to place a compound consisting of gun powder or saltpetre into the chinks and ignite it. After those operations, especially after burning of the skin, there happens a dark blue burnt mark on the skin that can never be removed. In some regions a needle is heated on fire, then dipped into the bail water of a goat, and the skin is pricked by this needle to make a tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul).

The most used pigment material in tattooing is soot. Other common materials are the indigo, antimoniate, granulated and roasted bone powder, various saps, saffron and henna, animal bile, sesame oil, chinese ink, etc. Mother milk is reckoned as the basic additive. Depending on the material used, the marks on the skin may closer to red.

The season is also important for the one who’s having a tatto as the client is required to bear a pain for a long time. Spring is supposed to be the best time to get a better tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul).

The tattooing time is dependent upon the shape, and the number of the needles. The larger the tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) gets, and the more the number of the needles increase, the operation duration prolongs. Little blood comes out from the points of needle strokes and the pigment penetrates under the skin. As a result of needle hits there happens an edema and flushes and a slight wound occurs right after the days following the operation. After the wound healed the tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) appears.

Tattoo maintenance :

The initial condition to have a better tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) is to have it done by a good master; second condition is yourself. Because the more you take care of your tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul), the better it shows itself. The first week after tattooing operation is important. First rule is to keep away from water for the first three days. Because it is your structure’s weakest time when most vulnerable against the risk of infection, after your skin is damaged by needles and some foreign materials (pigment) broke under your skin. Although it doesn’t look like the wounds that you know, you must treat that part as if it is a real wound. Because no matter how little they are, needle strokes caused bleeding and edema, so the structure perceive it as a wound and tends to fix it with pus defence cells. Therefore this part has as high risk of being infected as a regular wound has, unless you protect it well. An infected tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) will not give you the outlook that you expect.

Contacting water may cause a dissection on the damaged zone and water may transport the potential harmful jerms into the zone. That’s why you are supposed to keep away from the water along the first three days. The best way to protection is to spread a thick layer of antibiotics pomade on to the tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) surface and cover it with a clean tourniquet slightly during these three – five days. You must repeat this treatment three times a day. After first week, you must keep on spreading the pomade without covering for a certain time. Your wound is already getting healed. The healing period depends on the size of the tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) and your structure.

The restoration of the wound will be seen as crusting and then crust removing. The crust will be removed partially and spontaneously after each pomade spreading. Therefore you never try to remove the crust yourself by forcing and tearing off. During the uncrusting period, you may have a stretching and itching feeling depending on the tensile on the wound’s crust.

Furthermore, you must pay attention not to let your wound contact sunlight during first month. Because the tattooed zone is still sensitive and darker than your original body color. Otherwise your tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) would be affected by the sunlight too much and the color of the tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) might go paler and your skin – which has not healed totally yet – might get harmed too.

After this one month, you are completely ready to show your tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) to your friends. But never forget that the maintenance must be permanent for a better tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul), just like your skin or your hair. As long as you protect your tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) against the sunlight and keep it humid enough, it will remain fresh like first time.

Tattoos are known around the world as: tatoeage, tatouage, tätowier, tatuaggio, tatuar, tatuaje, tatoos, tattueringar, tatuagens, tatoveringer, tattos, and tatu, and are more popular now than at any time in recorded history. Current estimates now have more than one in six, or well over 52 million people in North America alone, who have one or more tattoos

Please note that the Health (Infectious Diseases) Regulations 1990 referred to in this Standard of Practice has sunsetted and been replaced by the Health (Infectious Diseases) Regulations 2001. This Standard of Practice is currently being updated to reflect current legislative requirements and benchmark industry standards, however, in the interim this standard can act as a guide to minimum infection control requirements.

Introduction

2. How Infections Can Occur
3. Tattooing / Body Piercing
4. The Shop
5. Staff Hygiene
6. Protective Wear for Staff
7. How To Minimise Infections
8. Record Keeping
9. Mobile Tattooing and Body Piercing
10. Age Limits
11. Diagrams
12. Glossary

Appendix A: How To Sterilise Your Instruments
Appendix B: Extract from Health (Infectious Diseases) Regulations 1990
Appendix C: Extract from Guidelines for the Control of Communicable Diseases

Introduction

Successful, personal service businesses supply their clients with professionally competent, safe and hygienic services, provided in clean and congenial premises.

Proprietors of these services must become aware of the possible wider effects of the procedures they employ.

Unsafe or unhygienic procedures can not only affect the health of the client but also jeopardize the health of the operator and aid the spread of infectious diseases.

More seriously, where procedures involving penetration of the skin are not performed correctly, they can be the means of transmitting organisms that cause diseases like AIDS, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C.

It is essential for proprietors to be fully aware of the potential dangers of their procedures and to understand the precautions that need to be taken to minimize the likelihood of infection.

The Health (Infectious Diseases) Regulations 1990 set out the following basic principles that must be observed by people operating in establishments that provide personal services:

The premises must be kept clean and hygienic.

Any article to be used for penetrating the skin must be sterile.

Any article that has penetrated the skin or is contaminated with blood must be either disposed of immediately or sterilized before being used on another person.

Any other article to be used on a person must be cleansed before being used on another person.

Operators must keep themselves and their clothing clean and have no exposed cuts, abrasions or wounds.

The purpose of this site is to help tattooists and body pierces to comply with the regulations by explaining how infection can be associated with procedures they employ and precautions they should take to protect their clients, themselves and the community.

2. How Infections Can Occur

The potential for serious infection occurs during tattooing and body piercing (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul). The needles that are used to penetrate the skin at various sites on the body can become contaminated by blood or serum.

HIV (the virus which causes AIDS), Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C viruses are present in blood and spread by infected blood entering another person’s bloodstream. This can happen during tattooing or body piercing (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul), when needles used for penetrating the skin are contaminated with infected blood or serum and are not sterilized before use on another person.

The person at risk may be the next client being treated with the contaminated instrument or you, if you accidentally penetrate your skin with the contaminated instrument. This is called a ‘needle-stick’ injury. Contact with infected blood, serum or contaminated instruments on open cuts, sores or broken skin can also lead to infection.

Blood or serum does not have to be visible on an instrument or needle for infection to be transmitted. It is important to note: all instruments that penetrate the skin of a person, including needles and attachments such as nozzles, needle bars and tubes, must be sterile.

2.1 Cross-Contamination

Some of the ways which cross-contamination can occur in tattoo and body piercing (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) shops are as follows:

If one or more operators share the same equipment or materials.

If used and clean instruments come into contact with one another.

If clean instruments are placed on unclean surfaces.

If strict operator hygiene is not observed.

If contaminated dressings, spatulas, disposable gloves are not disposed of immediately and appropriately after use.

If structural facilities, furnishings and fittings of the premises are not adequately protected, or thoroughly cleaned between clients.

If towels and other articles used on clients are not changed or thoroughly cleaned between clients.

Operators should be aware of the potential for unprotected surfaces and equipment to become contaminated with blood and serum during tattooing or body piercing (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul). Some examples of how this can occur are as follows:

Adjusting overhead light fittings.

Adjusting settings on power packs.

Answering telephones.

Touching ink bottles or ink trays.

Touching curtains, drapes or bin lids.

Adjusting furniture and equipment. Clients, operators and the community can be at risk if cross-contamination occurs.

2.2 Health and Safety in the Workplace

Employers have a responsibility to provide a safe work environment without risks to the health of their employees, clients or other persons who go onto their premises. In the tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) and body piercing (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) industry, this safety involves the provision of:

Adequate staff training, including hygiene and infection control.

Properly maintained facilities and equipment, including the provision of protective equipment such as gloves.

A clean and suitably designed shop, to include the safe storage of goods such as chemicals to minimize potential hazards.

2.2.1 Hepatitis B Vaccination

A safe and effective vaccine for the prevention of Hepatitis B is available. Vaccination is advised for all tattooists, body pierces and staff involved in skin penetration procedures and for staff who may be involved in cleaning skin penetration instruments and equipment.

A primary vaccination course usually consists of three injections over six months. At the end of this time, a blood test can be done to check that the vaccination has been effective. It is recommended that booster doses be given five to seven years after the primary course.

Vaccination and blood tests can be arranged through a local doctor.

2.2.2 Contact with Blood or Body Fluids

Because of the risk of blood borne infection, operators and clients should avoid contact with other peoples’ blood and body fluids. If contact occurs, the following precautions should be taken:

Wash the area of contact thoroughly with soap and warm water. If contact has been with an open wound, broken skin, mucous membrane (mouth, eyes) or penetrating needle-stick injury.

Irrigate the area with water in the case of contact with a mucous membrane.

Encourage bleeding from the wound, and in the case of open wounds and broken skin wash the area thoroughly with soap and water.

Report the contact to your local doctor who will give you advice.

In the case of a penetrating needle-stick injury, refer to appendix C.

2.2.3 Bleeding

Should bleeding occur at any time in the course of a tattooing or body piercing (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) procedure or accidentally, the following procedures should be followed:

Put on disposable gloves if you are not already wearing them.

Stop the bleeding by applying pressure to the wound with a dry sterile disposable dressing.

Handle disposable dressings and contaminated instruments carefully to avoid contact with blood or serum from the client or the instrument.

Dispose of contaminated instruments into a sharps container or clean and sterilise the instruments.

Clean surfaces such as benches, chairs or floors that have become contaminated with blood or other body fluids as soon as possible, using a disposable cloth soaked in diluted bleach at 1:4 dilution.

Wash affected areas with hot water and detergent and dry them with a clean disposable wipe.

Disinfect the surface with diluted bleach and leave for a minimum of fifteen minutes before wiping dry.

Dispose of all cloths used for wiping up blood spills by placing them in the bin marked ‘infectious waste’.

After treating wounds, handling contaminated dressings or cleaning up blood or other body fluids, remove both gloves, dispose of them in the ‘infectious waste’ bin and wash hands thoroughly.
Note: to prepare 1:4 dilution of bleach, see section 3.7.1.
3. Tattooing/Body Piercing

3.1 Preparation of Work Area and Setting up of Equipment

It is very important that you prepare the work area so as to avoid having to leave the client in the middle of a tattooing or body piercing (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) procedure to get something which may be needed. This increases the risk of cross-contaminating surfaces.

Ensure that the work area is clean and tidy.

Make sure all the items needed are in easy reach and that any items not required are removed from the immediate area.

Cover any work surfaces with disposable coverings or clean linen (this makes cleaning the work surfaces easier).

Place a container labelled ‘dirty instruments for sterilising’ in the work area for the collection of these instruments.
Hands must be washed thoroughly according to the procedure outlined in section 5 and disposable gloves should be worn.

Packages containing sterile needles should be opened in front of the client to show that sterile instruments are being used.

To prevent surfaces from being contaminated in the event that an item has to be handled or adjusted while tattooing is in progress:

Cover spray-bottles and ink bottles with single-use plastic bags, so that only the nozzles are exposed.

Cover any surfaces which may need to be touched, for example light fittings and power pack controls, with cling film.

Place the required number of single-use, disposable ink caps into stainless steel ink cap trays and dispense inks into ink caps. Alternatively, dispense inks onto a single-use, disposable tray. Any left over ink must be discarded with the container, after each client.

Place water to be used for rinsing between colours in disposable cups and dispose of the water and cups after each client.

Tissues or wipes to be used during tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) procedures should be stored where they cannot become contaminated. Enough wipes to be used on one client should be kept in the working area and any not used should be immediately discarded after each client.

Solder sterile needles onto the sterile needle bars using a lead free solder and then clean them to remove any flux residue. After soldering they must then be re-sterilised in the autoclave according to section 3.5 and appendix A, prior to being used on a client.

Wash hands thoroughly according to section 5.1 and wear disposable latex gloves.

Open autoclave bags containing sterile needles, needle bars and tubes, and set up the tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) machine in front of the client to show that sterile instruments are being used.

Additional Precautions

Replace any sterile instruments accidentally touched by you or contaminated in any other way, either before or during a treatment, with another sterile instrument or needle.

Take care when inspecting needles for defects such as damaged or blunt points.
They must be cleaned and sterilised prior to inspection and then re-sterilised before they are used on a client.

Needles must never be tested for sharpness on the operator’s skin.
3.2 Skin Preparation

The patient’s skin should be clean and free from infection.

If the area to be tattooed needs to be shaved, a disposable safety razor should be used. After use, the razor must be immediately disposed of into a sharps container.

Prior to tattooing/body piercing (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul), the skin around the site must be disinfected.
For the area around the eyes the area should be cleansed with warm water. Skin can be disinfected using any of the following preparations:

70 per cent w/w ethyl alcohol.

80 per cent v/v ethyl alcohol.

60 per cent v/v isopropyl alcohol.

Alcoholic (isopropyl and ethyl) formulations of 0.5 to 4 per cent w/v chlorhexidine.

Aqueous or alcoholic povidone-iodine (1 per cent w/v available iodine).
These can be applied to the skin using a spray-bottle or pump pack and wiping with a clean disposable cloth. Alternatively, skin disinfectants may be decanted from their original container into a single-use container. At the end of tattooing/body piercing (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) each client, any remaining fluid, single-use container and disposable cloth must be discarded with the container.

Alcohols in the form of sterile, disposable swabs may also be used to disinfect the skin. Use-by dates on disinfectants must be observed. The time between skin preparation and skin penetration should be at least two minutes but preferably five minutes.

In tattooing:

A detergent-based lotion containing one of the above anti-bacterial preparations may be used on the skin prior to placement of a stencil. The application of this lotion on to the skin should be the same as for anti-bacterial skin cleansers.
Multiple-use deodorants should never be used prior to the placement of a stencil.

Because of the high risk of cross-contamination with blood, it is important that stencils are not re-used on other clients.

Before tattooing, the client’s skin may be covered with lubricating jelly. It is important that the jelly be removed from the original container using a clean single-use applicator. If extra jelly is required on the client, a new spatula should be used each time. Because of the high risk of cross-contamination of the pump outlet, self-dispensing pumps for lubricating jelly should be used only to dispense onto a clean single-use applicator. Under no circumstances should petroleum jelly be removed from a container using gloves or bare fingers. Any left-over jelly must not be returned to the original container and must not be used on another client.

3.3 Cleaning of Work Area after Tattooing

After the completion of each tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) session on a client, the following procedure should be carried out:

Dismantle tubes, needles and needle bars from the tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) machine and place them into a puncture resistant autoclavable container with a lid, immediately after completing the treatment. This container should be labelled ‘dirty instruments for sterilisation’ and be used only for this purpose.

Apply anti-bacterial lotions or creams to the treated area of the skin, if necessary. Remove disposable gloves and dispose of them into the ‘infectious waste bin’. Wash hands thoroughly as described in section 5.1.

A suitable anti-bacterial skin cleanser such as those listed in section 3.2 may be used on the area of the skin where the tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) has been applied. This can also be used on the tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) during the tattooing procedure.

A clean sterile dressing should be applied over the completed tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul).

Advice should be given to each client on how to care for their tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) and how to prevent infection from occurring.

Move dirty instruments to the cleaning area of your shop and, as soon as possible, clean and sterilise them according to the procedures described in sections 3.5, 3.6 and appendix A.

Remove disposable needles and re-useable needles that are to be disposed of from the needle bar and dispose of the needles immediately into a sharps container.

Place other dirty articles which do not require sterilisation in the cleaning area and clean them as soon as possible. Note – Do not store instruments or needles in disinfectant before or after cleaning.

Dispose of all used single-use items, (other than sharps), such as spatulas, ink caps, used tissues and wipes, into the bin. If any of these items have become contaminated with blood, dispose of them by placing them into the bin marked ‘infectious waste’.

Any linen used during a treatment should be placed in a dirty linen container and washed using the procedure outlined in this site. Use disposable cloths and protective coverings on surfaces when a skin penetration procedure is performed on a client. Additional Precautions

Remove the elastic bands from the tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) machine and dispose of them into the waste bin.

Clean the tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) machine by first wiping with a clean dry swab, and then thoroughly wiping with clean cotton wool or a pad saturated with 70 per cent w/w ethyl alcohol. All to dry naturally.

Clean containers used for collecting dirty instruments.

Clean and sterilise or dispose of ink cap trays.

3.3.1 Cleaning of Work Area after Body Piercing.

After completing body piercing (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) on a client, the following procedure should be carried out:

Place all used disposable instruments into a sharps container immediately after use.

Place all used re-useable instruments into a puncture resistant container with a lid immediately after completing the treatment. This container should be labelled ‘dirty instruments for sterilising’ and only be used for this purpose.

Apply anti-bacterial lotions or creams to the treated area of the skin, if necessary. Remove your disposable gloves and dispose of them in the ‘infectious waste bin’. Wash your hands thoroughly as described in this site.

A suitable anti-bacterial skin cleanser such as those listed in this site may be used on the area of the skin where the piercing (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) has been done.

Advice should be given to each client on how to care for their tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul)/piercing (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) and how to prevent infection from occuring.

Move dirty instruments to the cleaning area of your shop and clean and sterilise them according to the procedure in this site as soon as possible.

If elastic bands are used on clamps, the elastic bands are to be removed and disposed of before the clamps are cleaned and sterilised. Place other dirty articles which do not require sterilisation in the cleaning area and clean them as soon as possible. They must be kept separate from the instruments that require sterilisation. Note – Do not store instruments or needles in disinfectant before or after cleaning.

Dispose of all used disposable items, other than sharps, such as spatulas, into the bin. If any of these items have become contaminated with blood, dispose of them by placing them into the bin marked ‘infectious waste’.

Any linen used during a treatment should be placed in a dirty linen container and washed using the procedure outlined in this site. Use disposable cloths and protective coverings on surfaces, when a skin penetration procedure is performed on a client
3.3.2 Cleaning Work Surfaces

After use by each client, the surfaces of chairs, couches and the like, as well as benches, tables and other working surfaces where there has been contact with the client’s skin are to be:

washed with warm water and detergent, and then dried with a clean disposable wipe; or

covered with a clean towel; or

covered with disposable paper.

Remove all protective coverings on surfaces and equipment, taking care not to contaminate the surfaces which have been protected. These coverings should be disposed of into the infectious waste bin. In addition to this, wash these surfaces with warm water and detergent and dry them with a clean disposable wipe at the end of each working day and when they become visibly soiled. If any surfaces have become contaminated with blood or any other body fluid, they are to be cleaned in accordance with section 2.2.3 in this site on bleeding.

3.4 Cleaning Tattoo/Body Piercing Instruments Prior to Sterilisation (and Any Instrument Contaminated with Blood or Serum)

Refer to diagram 1

As soon as possible after use, reusable instruments must undergo cleaning. This is a crucial first step prior to sterilisation. Cleaning should take place in the cleaning area set aside for this purpose. New, re-useable needles and instruments need to be cleaned and sterilised before use, if they are not purchased pre-sterilised.

Wear thick, heavy duty rubber gloves when washing contaminated instruments. This makes handling them safer. Care must be taken at all times to prevent any penetration of the skin or splashing of mucous membranes (such as eyes) during the cleaning process.

Carefully rinse the item in warm running water. Hot water at this stage could thicken protein material and make it stick to the instrument. Cold water will harden fats making cleaning more difficult.

Fully dismantle the instruments.

Immerse instruments in hot water and detergent in a sink. While holding the instruments under the surface of the water, scrub the instruments with a heat disinfected (see below) clean brush. This step may be carried out using an ultrasonic cleaner. Ultrasonic cleaners work by subjecting instruments to high frequency, high energy sound waves, causing soil to be dislodged from instruments and dropped to the bottom of the tank or be sufficiently loosened to be removed during the rinsing process:

Rinse cleaned instruments in hot running water.

Carefully dry instruments with a lint-free, single-use, disposable towel.

Check the condition of the equipment.

Note: cleaning materials used for cleaning equipment such as nylon brushes and pads, should be disinfected by boiling them for at least five minutes after each cleaning session. When not in use, they should be stored dry.

Ultrasonic cleaners must be operated with the lid on to prevent any micro-organisms present in the cleaning solution from becoming airborne and contaminating surfaces in the shop. They must be operated and maintained according to the manufacturer’s directions and must comply with AS 2773.

It must be stressed that ultrasonic cleaners do not sterilise or disinfect instruments. However, they do provide a very safe and effective means of cleaning instruments prior to sterilisation.

3.5 Sterilising Tattoo/Body Piercing Instruments (and Any Instrument Contaminated with Blood or Serum)

Tattooing instruments which must be sterile before use are the tube, nozzle, needle, needle bar and any other instrument that has been contaminated with blood or serum. Instruments must be cleaned and sterilised before they are used on another client, and forceps used to handle sterile instruments must also be sterile. Effective sterilisation depends on the following factors:

Cleanliness – the articles to be sterilised must be thoroughly pre-cleaned to allow good contact for all surfaces to be sterilised.

Temperature – the correct temperature must be maintained throughout the articles being sterilised.

Time – the sterilising temperature must be maintained for the correct period of time. The only method of sterilisation appropriate is autoclaving. Benchtop autoclaves should conform to Australian Standards AS 2182. The procedure to sterilise instruments is outlined in appendix A. Sterilisation cannot be achieved using microwave ovens, pressure cookers, ultraviolet cabinets, boiling water units, ultrasonic cleaners, and similar appliances. Wiping instruments with disinfectant prior to use does not sterilise them.

3.6 Cleaning of Other Instruments and Articles

(Refer to diagram 2 )

All instruments and articles that are not intended to penetrate the skin, but that are used on clients, must be thoroughly cleaned before and after each use. Containers, including their lids, used for the storage of items and for the collection of dirty instruments, must also be thoroughly cleaned before and after each use. Follow this procedure with instruments and articles that can be immersed in water:

Rinse in warm water.

Thoroughly wash with hot water and soap or detergent using a good scrubbing action.

Rinse in hot water (not less than 70¡C) and allow to dry.

Store instruments in a clean, impervious, and covered container. Follow this procedure with instruments and articles that would be damaged if immersed in water, for example, the electrical handpiece:

Thoroughly wipe with clean cotton wool or a cotton pad saturated with 70 per cent w/w ethyl alcohol.

Allow to dry naturally.

Store clean instruments in a clean, impervious, covered container. Follow this procedure with garments and other washable fabrics:

Wash with soap or detergent in hot water (not less than 70¡C).

Rinse and dry or have commercially laundered.

Store items in a clean, appropriate area such as a cupboard or drawer.

3.7 Disinfectants – Should They Be Used?

With the exception of the use of 70 per cent alcohol to cleanse instruments that would be damaged if immersed in water, all non skin penetration instruments used in tattooing and body piercing (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) procedures can be brought to a satisfactory level of freedom from micro-organisms if they are thoroughly cleansed in accordance with ‘instruments that can be immersed in water’ (section 3.6). The routine use of disinfectants, including glutaraldehyde is no longer recommended. Disinfecting solutions that have been used by many tattooists and body piercers in the past have been found to be ineffective, have not been used properly, or have been found to be inappropriate for use in the tattooing industry. All tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) and body piercing (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) instruments must be thoroughly cleaned and sterilised according to the procedure in this site.

Note: under no circumstances should instruments be stored in disinfectants before or after cleaning or sterilising.

3.7.1 Bleach

All references to ‘bleach’ throughout this site, relate to household grade bleach products with a concentration of 40,000 parts per million available chlorine (ppm avCl) or 4 per cent avCl.

To dilute bleach for a 1:4 dilution, add 1 cup of bleach (250 ml) to 3 cups of water (750 ml).

Only dilute bleach on the same day it is to be used as its effectiveness deteriorates rapidly.

To prevent deterioration, store bleach in dark, cool areas. Use-by dates on bleach products must be strictly adhered to.

Wear gloves when handling bleach, as it can cause skin irritation.

Take care to avoid bleach coming into contact with most metals as they can be easily rusted or corroded.

4. The Shop

4.1 Applications and Registrations

There are a number of things which a person should do before opening a tattooing or body piercing (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) business. A person conducting a business of tattooing or body piercing (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) must register with the council any premises upon which that business is conducted. Before applying for registration:

Contact the appropriate industry association for advice.

Once you have selected a site, consult with the local council health department to discuss your proposal.

Contact the Business Licence Centre for information.

Contact Small Business Victoria for business advice and information. To apply for registration:

Submit detailed plans of the interior layout of the premises with the local council. Seek advice from the local council health department.

Obtain local council approval of the plans. It is recommended that you do not commence work on your premises until approval of your plans has been received.

Submit an application for registration with the council, together with the appropriate fee.

Obtain council registration of the premises prior to opening the business.
4.2 General Requirements

The shop should be planned carefully to provide client treatment areas totally separate from areas set aside for cleaning and/or sterilising equipment. In the areas where tattooing or body piercing (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) is carried out and where instruments and equipment are cleaned, disinfected or sterilised, the floor, benches, shelving, fittings and furniture should be constructed of smooth impervious materials capable of being kept clean and in good repair. There should also be good lighting and ventilation throughout the premises. The cleaning area should be arranged so that dirty instruments are received in one area. All dirty instruments should be moved through the cleaning area in a one way direction so that sterile instruments, clean instruments and dirty instruments remain separate from one another. There should be sufficient bench space to accommodate equipment.

4.3 Hand Basins

A hand basin with hot and cold running water supplied through a single outlet, plus liquid soap or detergent and disposable paper towels or an air drier should be installed in the immediate area where tattooing or body piercing (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) is carried out. The hand basin must be a hands off type for example, foot operated, electronically controlled or knee operated. Note that elbow operated or surgeons taps are not acceptable.

4.4 Sinks

A sink with cold and hot water additional to the hand basin should be provided exclusively for washing equipment and instruments and should be located in the cleaning area.

4.5 Linen

Clean, single-use, disposable covering material should be provided and changed between clients:

On surfaces in the work areas where spillage or spattering of blood or body fluids is likely to occur.

For the protection of the client and client’s clothing.
Soiled protective clothing used by you, is to be placed into a suitable receptacle, such as a clothes basket, and then cleaned as described in this site. All clean coverings and clothing are to be stored in an appropriate clean area such as a cupboard or drawer to prevent soiling or contamination. Only clean linen, garments, towels or paper strips are to be used or placed on clients.

4.6 Disposal of Sharps, Infectious Waste and Non-Infectious Waste

It is essential that infectious wastes are properly segregated, packaged, labelled, handled and transported to minimise the risk of needle-stick injuries and the transmission of infectious diseases to waste handlers and the community.

The Environment Protection Authority’s (EPA) requirements for the management of infectious wastes are detailed in the Manual for the Management and Disposal of Biomedical Wastes in Victoria, a publication available from the EPA.

For waste removal contractors, refer to the Yellow Pages under ‘Waste Reduction and Disposal Services’ or contact the EPA’s Technical Support Unit, who can provide you with a list of permitted transporters of infectious waste.

All waste should be segregated into sharps, other infectious waste and non-infectious waste.

4.6.1 Sharps

To prevent accidents involving potential transmission of blood borne diseases such as HIV, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C, sharps, such as needles, must be handled with care during procedures which involve their use.

Dispose of used sharps into an Australian Standard (AS 4031) specified, disposable sharps container immediately after use. The person who uses the disposable sharp instrument must be the person who places it into the sharp container. Do not forcefully insert items into the container or you may injure your hand. Place multiple-use sharp instruments into the container at the end of their life.

Place sharps containers in all areas where sharps are used. Take care where you place these containers so that children cannot reach them under any circumstances.

Once the container reaches the full level, seal it and dispose of it in accordance with the EPA’s requirements.

4.6.2 Disposal of Infectious Waste

Infectious wastes such as blood-stained swabs and blood-contaminated gloves produced on the premises, must be placed into a bin marked ‘infectious waste’. Contents should be disposed of in accordance with EPA requirements.

4.6.3 Non-Infectious Waste

All non-infectious wastes, papers and so on, should be placed into a suitable refuse receptacle as soon as practicable after treating each client and removed from inside the premises at least daily.

4.7 Animals

Animals are not permitted in tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) and body piercing (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) premises.

5. Staff Hygiene

Broken skin or infected exposed parts of the body must be kept covered with a dressing that completely covers the affected area. Rings should not be worn during tattooing, body piercing (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul), cleaning or hand washing, whether gloves are worn when operating or not.

5.1 Hand Washing

Hand washing is the first step in any infection control program. The surface of hands and nails must be clean before any patient contact. Abrasions, cuts or lesions should be covered by a waterproof dressing, and it is recommended that a glove be worn.

When to wash hands:

Before and after contact with each client.

After contact with any blood or other body fluid.

Immediately prior to wearing new disposable gloves and attending a client.

Immediately after removing disposable gloves for any reason.

After carrying out a treatment on a client.

After handling a nasal tissue.

After smoking.

After going to the toilet.
How to wash hands:

Use soap (for example, liquid soap as bar soap may harbour bacteria), or detergent with warm running water.

Rub hands vigorously during washing, (for a minimum of 15 seconds).

Wash hands all over, including
backs of hands,

wrists,

between fingers,

under fingernails; and

forearms up to the elbows.

Rinse your hands well.

Thoroughly dry hands with a new, single-use, disposable paper towel or dry them thoroughly under an air drier.
5.2 Smoking

No operator should smoke when carrying out procedures or treatments on a client. Smoking not only looks unprofessional, but you risk transferring bacteria from your mouth on to your fingers and then to your client.

6. Protective Wear for Staff

6.1 Gloves

Operators should always wear disposable gloves whilst carrying out tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) or body piercing (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) procedures and their hands should always be thoroughly washed immediately prior to wearing gloves and immediately after removing them. It is important that gloves are:

Removed and disposed of before leaving a client for any reason.

Disposed of if they become torn, contaminated with blood or are removed for any reason.

Changed between attending clients.

Never washed or re-used.

Disposed of in an infectious waste bin. Wear heavy duty utility gloves whilst cleaning instruments prior to sterilisation. These gloves may be re-used but they should be replaced if torn, cracked, peeling or showing signs of deterioration.
6.2 Clothing

Operators should wear a clean washable garment, such as an apron or a uniform, intended exclusively for use when attending clients. Protective clothing protects the wearer’s clothing or skin from contamination with blood.

7. How To Minimise Infections

Infection control is the process of minimising the risks of spreading infections while providing tattooing and body piercing (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) services to your clients.

As proprietors of tattooing and/or body piercing (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) businesses, you must balance the costs and the consequences of providing specific infection control procedures against the benefits that will result from their use.

An example of this would be the decision to use only single-use, disposable needles. The higher cost associated with the use of disposable needles is insignificant compared with the reduced risks of passing on blood-borne infections not only to clients but to operators. A decision such as this must be considered as important as any insurance policies which the business may have.

The blood and body substances of all clients must always be treated as being potentially infectious, as it is impossible to determine if clients have HIV or other blood-borne viruses. Clients are not required to disclose this information.

7.1 Choice of Instruments, Needles and Jewellery

Deterioration of plated metal surfaces of equipment occurs as a result of repeated use, and as a result of repeated autoclave sterilisation processes through drying in autoclave bags or pouches (unless the autoclave includes a drying cycle). Therefore, it is recommended that good quality stainless steel needles and instruments be used and maintained for use in tattooing and body piercing (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) procedures.

Pre-sterilised, single-use, disposable needles and instruments should be used wherever possible. These must be disposed of into sharps containers immediately after use. Under no circumstances should any item marked by its manufacturer as single use be cleaned and sterilised for re-use on another client

Re-useable instruments that are used for penetration of the skin must be cleaned and sterilised for re-use on another client. Other instruments that have accidentally penetrated the skin or are contaminated with blood must be properly cleaned and sterilised before further use.

Body Piercing

Where the needle is to be passed through body tissue and out the other side, a sterile, no touch technique must be used. Ordinary disposable gloves are not sterile and therefore, touching any part of the needle means the needle is no longer sterile and should not be pulled through. In using this technique, sterile forceps should be used to handle the needle and sterile forceps must also be used to handle sterile jewellery. Alternatively, sterile disposable gloves should be worn when handling the needle. Care must be taken when putting on sterile gloves so that you do not contaminate them.

Piercing guns are only appropriate for use when piercing (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) ears. These guns are liable to damage body tissue when used for piercing (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) other parts of the body.

Needles should be pre-sterilised, single use and disposable. Other instruments used in body piercing (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) which must be sterile are clamps, needle pushers, insertion tapers and any other instrument likely to come in contact with open tissue or be contaminated with blood or serum.

The most suitable forms of metal for body piercing (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) are surgical steel and gold, as they can be effectively sterilised in the autoclave prior to piercing (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul). Gemstone bead selection in bead rings should be based on materials that can be sterilised effectively in the autoclave. The use of gemstones, gold, and sterling silver beads in the bead ring are unsuitable for genital piercing (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul), as the materials react with urine.

Other instruments that have accidentally penetrated the skin or may be contaminated with blood must be properly cleaned and sterilised before further use.

Cosmetic Tattooing

Cosmetic tattooing is also referred to as pigment implants, semi permanent creations, permanent makeup, derma-impigmentation and micropigmentation. All these processes involve the same method of application as tattooing and are therefore subject to the same controls and procedures outlined in these standards.

The instruments used are referred to as permanent cosmetic machines or devices and the needle chamber must be capable of being detached from the motor housing to enable thorough cleaning and sterilisation. Only those devices that can be autoclaved are to be used.

7.2 Dispensing

To avoid cross-contamination, any fluid, cream, ointment or similar substance should be removed from its original container or tube only by the use of a clean single-use, disposable applicator. Because of the high risk of cross contamination of the pump outlet, self-dispensing pumps for cream, ointment or similar substances should be used only to dispense onto a clean single-use, disposable applicator.

Any leftover cream, ointment or similar substance which has been removed from a container must not be returned to the original container and must not be used on another client. Any applicator used for dispensing a substance must not be re-dipped into the original container and must be disposed of after each use.

Liquid soap dispensers and spray bottles should be cleaned before refilling and should not be topped up due to the risk of cross-contamination.

8. Record Keeping

It is important to keep accurate records of every client. These records should include name, address and the date the treatment was given. A record of work done would also be useful.

These records will be valuable if there is any question of an infection problem later and may often help to protect you (for example if the incubation period is too long or too short for the infection to be transmitted to the customer as a result of a treatment given by you).

9. Mobile Tattooing and Body Piercing

Due to the high risk of spread of infection where skin penetration procedures such as tattooing and body piercing (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) are carried out, mobile tattooing and body piercing (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) businesses are not permitted unless every place where the procedure is undertaken complies with these guidelines.

Any person wishing to conduct a mobile tattooing or body piercing (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) business must register with the municipal council every private premises in which tattooing or body piercing (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) is carried out.

10. Age Limits

In Victoria it is against the law to tattoo (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) any person under the age of 18 years.

11. Diagrams

Diagram 1: Cleaning Tattoo/Body Piercing Instruments Prior to Sterilisation

Note: Follow all steps prior to detaching needle from needle bar.

Diagram 2: Cleaning and Handling Instruments Which Do Not Penetrate Skin and Which Can Be Immersed in WateEğer bir dövme yaptıracaksanız öncelikle düşüneceğiniz

12. Glossary

The following definitions apply throughout these standards of practice:

Applicator

Includes single-use, disposable spatula or similar device

Cleaning

A process of removing dirt and reducing the number of micro-organisms from the surface of an object by a process such as washing in detergent

Cosmetic tattooing

The process by which cosmetics are applied permanently through a process of implanting the coloured pigment into the dermis layer of skin.

Cross-contamination

The spread of micro-organisms from one surface to another or from something that is contaminated to something that is not.

Disinfection

The process of eliminating all micro-organisms except bacterial spores.

Infection control

The process of minimising the risks of spreading infection while providing tattooing and body piercing (yourtattoolibrary dövme piercing bağdat caddesi kadıköy istanbul) procedures to clients.

Infectious waste

Includes all waste which is known to be or could potentially be contaminated with disease-causing bacteria or viruses and which presents a recognised infectious hazard to waste disposal workers and to the environment if appropriate precautions are not used.

Instrument

Includes an appliance, apparatus or tool (including a needle).

Mucous membrane

Thin elastic tissue which lines cavities connected with the skin, for example, the eyes or mouth.

Sterilisation

A process intended to destroy or eliminate all forms of microbial life, including bacterial spores.

Appendix A:

How To Sterilise Your Instruments

(i) Autoclaves

Ensure all people responsible for operating autoclaves are trained in their use. Specific instructions on the packing and the use of the autoclave should be displayed next to the machine. Autoclaves should be used in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

Before autoclaving any item, make sure that it can be sterilised by this method and that it has been cleaned according to the procedure outlined in this site.

(ii) Packaging of Instruments Prior to Autoclaving

There are a number of self-sealing autoclave bag systems on the market which can be obtained from most surgical supply companies. The purpose of placing cleaned instruments into these bags for autoclaving is to protect the contents from becoming contaminated after sterilising and to enable instruments to be more easily stored in a sterile condition. Sufficient instruments for use on one client should be packed in each bag.

The packaged instruments must remain in the autoclave while the door is open slightly to allow them to dry and the packets must be completely dry before being removed from the autoclave. Autoclave bags are porous when they are wet and therefore, the instruments inside are liable to be contaminated if the bags are removed from the autoclave while they are still wet.

Two distinct views exist as to whether or not autoclaves which do not have a drying cycle, may be used for sterilising packaged instruments. However, it is felt that the advantages of packaging instruments far outweigh the small risk of contamination associated with leaving the autoclave door slightly open while the packages dry.

Only a small number of well-spaced (to allow adequate air circulation), sealed packets of instruments are to be placed in autoclaves which do not have a drying cycle.

A chemical colour indicator should be included on the autoclave bag to indicate those instruments that have been sterilised. Autoclave bags are to be used only once and then disposed of.

(iii) Loading Operating and Unloading the Autoclave.

When loading the autoclave, care needs to be taken to ensure that the air will be able to freely circulate around the articles to be sterilised and that all surfaces will be exposed to steam.

Ensure that the following recommended temperature pressure holding time is reached whenever the autoclave is used:

Autoclave at a minimum of 121°C, at 103 KPa (15psi) for 15 minutes.

Autoclave at a minimum of 126°C, at 138 KPa (20psi) for 10 minutes.

Autoclave at a minimum of 134°C, at 206 KPa (30psi) for 3 minutes.
The times given here are only ‘holding times’ and do not include the time taken for the autoclave to reach the required temperature.

When unloading sterile instruments from the autoclave, care needs to be taken to avoid contaminating them. Items that have been dropped, torn, have broken seals or are wet are no longer sterile.

Sterile instruments that are not wrapped, must be removed from the autoclave using sterile forceps.

Used,dirty instruments must never be stored near clean areas where sterilised instruments are unloaded from the autoclave.

(iv) Monitoring of the Sterilisation Process.

There is clearly no point in using an autoclave, if it is not sterilising properly. Using instruments that are believed to be sterile may place clients at a considerable risk of infection. Therefore, it is very important to monitor the sterilisation process on a regular basis to ensure that the autoclave is working correctly.

Autoclaves must be fitted with gauges to measure time, temperature and pressure. During each use, these gauges must be viewed to ensure that the readings are correct (see above table) and these readings should also be recorded.

Chemical indicator strips (such as those on autoclave bags) are available to use in autoclaves to test for procedural errors and equipment malfunction. These strips however, only test physical characteristics of the autoclave such as temperature and pressure.

Biological indicators need to be used to ensure that the sterilising process is destroying all forms of microbial life. Biological indicators must be used during installation, testing and after repairs and must be used according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Autoclaves must be serviced at six monthly intervals to make sure that they are working correctly. Service records should be kept for information purposes.

(v) Storage of Sterilised Instruments

If there is a need to store sterile instruments, they must be stored in a condition so as to maintain their sterility.

Sterile, packaged instruments must remain in the original, sealed, autoclave bag and be kept in a clean, dry, covered container until ready for use.

Unpackaged, sterile instruments must be handled with sterile forceps and be stored in a sterile container until ready for use.

back to top

Appendix B: Extract from the Health (Infectious Diseases) Regulations 1990

Part 6 – Special Provisions Relating to Premises

Division 1 – Prevention of infection through hairdressers, beauty parlours and similar businesses and skin penetration premises.

Definitions

30. In this division:

‘Article’ means any appliance, instrument, container, applicator, cosmetic, dye, dressing or thing used in connection with a business.

‘Business’ means a business listed in section 366c (1) of the Act.

‘Premises’ means any premises upon which a business is conducted.

Cleanliness of Premises

31.

(1) The proprietor of a business or the person in charge of any premises must ensure that the premises are kept in a clean and hygienic state.

Penalty: 20 penalty units.

(2) Sub-regulation (1) does not apply to premises where a proprietor conducts a business which is prescribed as an exempt business by regulations made under section 366c (2) of the Act.

Cleanliness of Equipment

32.

(1) The proprietor of a business or the person in charge of any premises must ensure that:

(a) an article intended to be used for penetrating the skin of a person is sterile before it is used; and

(b) an article which has penetrated the skin of a person or is contaminated with blood is:

(i) destroyed or disposed of immediately in such a manner as to prevent the infection of any other person; or

(ii) sterilised before it is used on any other person; and

(c) any other article is clean before it is used on a person.

Penalty: 20 penalty units.

32.

(2) In sub-regulation (1) ‘sterilized’ means -

(a) in the case of a business of a beauty parlour or other similar business, in relation to an article used for skin penetration, sterilized in accordance with paragraph 3.5 of the Standards of Practice for Beauty Treatment published by Health Department Victoria in May 1990; and

(b) in the case of a business of tattooing, in relation to any article which is used for skin penetration, sterilized in accordance with Paragraph 3.5 of the Standards of Practice for Tattooing published by the Health Department Victoria in May 1990; and

(c) in the case of a business of electrolysis, in relation to electrolysis needles, sterilized in accordance with Paragraph 3.6 of the Standards of Practice for Electrolysis published by the Health Department Victoria in May 1990; and

(d) in the case of a business of acupuncture, in relation to acupuncture needles, sterilized in accordance with Paragraph 3.5 of the Standards of Practice for Acupuncture published by the Health Department Victoria in May 1990.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) (disambiguation).
A tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) is a mark made by inserting pigment into the skin; in technical terms, tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing is dermal pigmentation. tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s may be made on human or animal skin. tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s on humans are a type of body modification, while tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s on animals are most commonly used for identification.

tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing has been practiced worldwide. The Ainu, the indigenous people of Japan, wore facial tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s. tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing was widespread among Polynesian peoples, and among certain tribal groups in the Philippines, Borneo, Africa, North America,South America, Mesoamerica, Europe, Japan, Cambodia and China. Despite some taboos surrounding tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing, the art continues to be popular all over the world.

Terms

It is commonly believed that the original root word of ‘tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)’ comes from the Samoan or the Tahitian word tatau, meaning to mark or strike twice (the latter referring to traditional methods of applying the designs). The first syllable “ta”, meaning “hand”, is repeated twice as an onomatopoeic reference to the repetitive nature of the action, and the final syllable “U” translates to “color”. The instrument used to pierce the skin in Polynesian tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing is called a hahau, the syllable “ha” meaning to “strike or pierce”. (This is not to be confused with the origins of the word for the military drumbeat — see military tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul).)

The first closest known usage of the word in English was recorded in the diary of Captain James Cook in 1769 during his voyage to the Marquesas Islands. The text reads, “…they print signs on people’s body and call this tattaw”, referring to the Polynesian customs. Sailors on the voyage later introduced both the word and the concept of tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing to Europe.

In Japanese the word used for traditional designs or those that are applied using traditional methods is irezumi (“insertion of ink”), while “tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)” is used for non-Japanese designs.

tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) enthusiasts may refer to tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s as tats, ink, art, or work, and to tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ists as artists. The latter usage is gaining greater support, with mainstream art galleries holding exhibitions of tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) designs and photographs of tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s. tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) designs that are mass-produced and sold to tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) artists and studios and displayed in shop are known as flash.

History

Main article: History of tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing
tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing has been a Eurasian practice at least since Neolithic times. Mummies bearing tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s and dating from the end of the second millennium BC have been discovered at Pazyryk on the Ukok Plateau. tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing in Japan is thought to go back to the Paleolithic era, some ten thousand years ago. Various other cultures have had their own tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) traditions, ranging from rubbing cuts and other wounds with ashes, to hand-pricking the skin to insert dyes.

Purpose

tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing is a tradition with several indigenous peoples around the world.
tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s have served as rites of passage, marks of status and rank, symbols of religious and spiritual devotion, decorations for bravery, sexual lures and marks of fertility, pledges of love, punishment, amulets and talismans, protection, and as the marks of outcasts, slaves and convicts.

Today, people choose to be tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ed for cosmetic, religious and magical reasons, and as a symbol of belonging to or identification with particular groups (see Criminal tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s). tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s of favorite bands and football teams’ logos are fairly common in the west. Some Maori still choose to wear intricate moko on their faces. In Cambodia and Thailand, the yantra tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) is used for protection.

People have also been forcibly tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ed for a various reasons. The best known is the ka-tzetnik identification system for Jews in part of the concentration camps during the Holocaust. European sailors were known to tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) the crucifixion on their backs to prevent flogging (since it was a crime to deface an image of Christ).

tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s are also placed on animals, though very rarely for decorative reasons. Pets, show animals, thoroughbred horses and livestock are sometimes tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ed with identification and other marks. Pet dogs and cats are often tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ed with a serial number (usually in the ear, or on the inner thigh) via which their owners can be identified. In Australia, the symbol ? is tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ed in the ears of cats and dogs to indicate that they have been spayed or neutered. Also, animals are occasionally tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ed to prevent sunburn (on the nose, for example). Such tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s are often performed by a veterinarian and in most cases the animals are anaesthetized during the process. Branding is used for similar reasons and is often performed without anaesthesia, but is different from tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing as no ink or dye is inserted during the process.

When used as a form of cosmetics, tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing includes permanent makeup, and hiding or neutralize skin discolorations. Permanent makeup are tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s that enhance eyebrows, lips (liner or lipstick), eyes (liner), and even moles, usually with natural colors as the designs are intended to resemble makeup.

Prevalence

tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s have experienced a resurgence in popularity in recent decades in many parts of the world, particularly in North America, Japan, and Europe. The growth in tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) culture has seen an influx of new artists into the industry, many of whom have technical and fine art training. Coupled with advancements in tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) pigments and the ongoing refinement of the equipment used for tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing, this has led to an improvement in the quality of tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s being produced. Movie stars, models, popular musicians and sports figures are just some of the people in the public eye who are tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ed, which in turn has fueled the acceptance of tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s. During the 2000s, the presence of tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s became evident within pop culture, inspiring television shows such as A&E’s Inked and TLC’s Miami Ink. The decoration of blues singer Janis Joplin with a wristlet and a small heart on her left breast, by the San Francisco tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) artist Lyle Tuttle, is taken as a seminal moment in the popular acceptance of tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s as art..

Lower back tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s, or tramp stamps, are more common among young women.
In many traditional cultures tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing has also enjoyed a resurgence, partially in deference to cultural heritage. Historically, a decline in traditional tribal tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing in Europe occurred with the spread of Christianity. A decline often occurred in other cultures following European efforts to convert aboriginal and indigenous people to Western religious and cultural practices that held tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing to be a “pagan” or “heathen” activity. Within some traditional indigenous cultures, tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing takes place within the context of a rite of passage between adolescence and adulthood.

A poll conducted online between July 14 and 20, 2003 (Harris 2003), found that 16% of all adults in the United States have at least one tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul). The highest incidence of tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s was found among the gay, lesbian and bisexual population (31%) and among Americans ages 25 to 29 years (36%) and 30 to 39 years (28%). Regionally, people living in the West (20%) were more likely to have tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s. Democrats were more likely to have tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s (18%) than Republicans (14%) and Independents (12%); approximately equal percentages of males (16%) and females (15%) have tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s.

Negative associations

Secular attitudes

Conspicuous tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s and other body modification can make gainful employment difficult in a great deal of fields
Although in some walks of life, they are not a burden. Head tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) on office manager, three months healed.
Some employers, especially in professional fields, still look down on tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s or regard them as contributing to an unprofessional appearance. tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s can therefore impair a wearer’s career prospects, particularly when inked on places not typically covered by clothing, such as the hands, neck or face. It is not unusual for tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) artists to refuse to tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) these very conspicuous areas.

In some cultures, tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s still have negative associations despite their increasing popularity, and are generally associated with criminality in the public’s mind; therefore those who choose to be tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ed in such countries usually keep their tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s covered for fear of reprisal. For example, many businesses such as gyms, hot springs and recreational facilities in Japan still ban people with visible tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s, in part because of their association in the popular imagination with the yakuza, or Japanese mafia. In Western cultures as well, some dress codes specify that tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s must be covered.

According to popular belief, most triad members in Hong Kong have a tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) of a black dragon on the left biceps and one of a white tiger on the right; in fact, many people in Hong Kong use “left a black dragon, right a white tiger” as a euphemism for a triad member. It is widely believed that one of the initiation rites in becoming a triad member is silently withstanding the pain of receiving a large tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) in one sitting, usually performed in the traditional “hand-poked” style. One reason the Chinese associate tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s with criminals is because historically criminals who were released from prison for minor crimes were given distinctive tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s on some easily notice part of their body as a “warning sign” to other people.

In the United States many prisoners and criminal gangs use distinctive tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s to indicate facts about their criminal behavior, prison sentences, and organizational affiliation. This cultural use of tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s predates the widespread popularity of tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s in the general population, so older people may still associate tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s with criminality. At the same time, members of the U.S. military have an equally established and longstanding history of tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing to indicate military units, battles, etc., and this association is also widespread among older Americans. tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing is also widespread in the British Armed Forces.

tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s can have additional negative associations for women; “tramp stamp” and other similarly derogatory slang phrases are sometimes used to describe a tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) on a woman’s lower back. The prevalence of women in the tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) industry itself, along with larger numbers of women wearing tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s, has somewhat changed these perceptions.

Slang within the industry is not limited to women’s tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s.tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) artists traditionally refer to a small bikini line tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) as a “tramp stamp”, and the larger lower back pieces as “ass antlers”. Tiny, interlocking tribal armbands are often referred to as “tribble”, and unskilled artists are referred to as “scab merchants”, or “scar vendors”, originally according to Sailor Jerry. Slang and jargon within the tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) industry evolves as quickly as customer’s tastes change.

Abrahamic religious prohibitions

Main article: History of tattooing (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)
Some followers of Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—feel that their religious doctrine proscribes or constrains tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s among followers, or has other religious significances.

Procedure

Modern tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) machine in use: here outfitted with a 5-needle setup, but number of needles depends on size and shading desired
Some tribal cultures traditionally created tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s by cutting designs into the skin and rubbing the resulting wound with ink, ashes or other agents; some cultures continue this practice, which may be an adjunct to scarification. Some cultures create tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ed marks by hand-tapping the ink into the skin using sharpened sticks or animal bones or, in modern times, needles. Traditional Japanese tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s (irezumi) are still “hand-poked,” that is, the ink is inserted beneath the skin using non-electrical, hand-made and hand held tools with needles of sharpened bamboo or steel.

The most common method of tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing in modern times is the electric tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) machine, which inserts ink into the skin via a group of needles that are soldered onto a bar, which is attached to an oscillating unit. The unit rapidly and repeatedly drives the needles in and out of the skin, usually 80 to 150 times a second.

The modern electric tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) machine is far removed from the machine invented by Samuel O’Reilly in 1891. O’Reilly’s machine was based on the rotary technology of the electric engraving device invented by Thomas Edison. Modern tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) machines use electromagnetic coils. The first coil machine was patented by Thomas Riley in London, 1891 using a single coil. The first twin coil machine, the predecessor of the modern configuration, was invented by another Englishman, Alfred Charles South of London, in 1899.

“Natural” tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s

According to George Orwell, coal miners could develop characteristic tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s owing to coal dust getting into wounds. This can also occur with substances like gunpowder. Similarly, a traumatic tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) occurs when a substance such as asphalt is rubbed into a wound as the result of some kind of accident or trauma. These are particularly difficult to remove as they tend to be spread across several different layers of skin, and scarring or permanent discoloration is almost unavoidable depending on the location. In addition, tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing of the gingiva from implantation of amalgam particles during dental filling placement and removal is possible and not uncommon. A common example of such accidental tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s is the result of a deliberate or accidental stabbing with a pencil or pen, leaving graphite or ink beneath the skin.

Dyes and pigments

A wide range of dyes and pigments can be used in tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s, from inorganic materials like titanium dioxide and iron oxides to carbon black, azo dyes, and acridine, quinoline, phthalocyanine and naphthol derivates, dyes made from ash, and other mixtures.

Iron oxide pigments are used in greater extent in cosmetic tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing. Many pigments were found to be used in a survey of professional tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ists. Recently, a blacklight-reactive tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) ink using PMMA microcapsules has surfaced. The technical name is BIOMETRIX System-1000, and is marketed under the name “Chameleon tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) Ink”.

Studio hygiene

The properly equipped tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) studio will use biohazard containers for objects that have come into contact with blood or bodily fluids, sharps containers for old needles, and anautoclave for sterilizing tools. Studios are also required by law to have a sink in the work area supplied with both hot and cold water.

Proper hygiene requires a body modification artist to wash his or her hands before starting to prepare a client for the stencil, between clients, and at any other time where cross contamination can occur. The use of single use disposable gloves is also mandatory. In some states and countries it is illegal to tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) a minor even with parental consent, and it is usually not allowed to tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) impaired persons, people with contraindicated skin conditions, those who are pregnant or nursing, or those incapable of consent due to mental incapacity. Before the tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing begins the client is asked to approve the position of the applied stencil. After approval is given the artist will open new, sterile needle packages in front of the client, and always use new, sterile or sterile disposable instruments and supplies, and fresh ink for each session (loaded into disposable ink caps which are discarded after each client). Also, all areas which may be touched with contaminated gloves will be wrapped in clear plastic to prevent cross-contamination. Equipment that cannot be autoclaved (such as countertops, machines, and furniture) will be wiped with an approved disinfectant.

Membership in professional organizations, or certificates of appreciation/achievement, generally helps artists to be aware of the latest trends. However, many of the most notable tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ists do not belong to any association. While specific requirements to become a tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ist vary between jurisdictions, many mandate only formal training in bloodborne pathogens, and cross contamination. The local department of health regulates tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) studios in many jurisdictions.

For example, according to the health department in Oregon and Hawaii, tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) artists in these states are required to take and pass a test ascertaining their knowledge of health and safety precautions, as well as the current state regulations. Performing a tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) in Oregon state without a proper and current license or in an unlicensed facility is considered a felony offense. tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing was legalized in New York City, Massachusetts, and Oklahoma between 2002 and 2006.

The time it takes to get a tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) varies with size and complexity. A smaller tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) done by machine may take fifteen minutes; another might take hundreds of hours or multiple sessions. Prices vary widely for this service globally and locally, depending on demand, experience of the artist, regulatory fees, and local economy.

Aftercare

tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) artists, and people with tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s, vary widely in preferred methods of caring for new tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s. Some artists recommend keeping a new tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) wrapped for the first twenty-four hours, others suggest removing temporary bandaging after a few hours. Many western tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ists advise against allowing too much contact with water for the first few days; in Japan, in contrast, a new tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) is often bathed in very hot water early and often.

General consensus for care advises against removing the scab that forms on a new tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) and avoiding exposing tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s to the sun for extended periods, which can contribute to fading. Various products may be recommended for application to the skin, ranging from those intended for the treatment of cuts, burns and scrapes, to petroleum jelly or lanolin. In recent years, specific commercial products have been developed for tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) aftercare. In other cases, the client will be advised to use no products on a new tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul). A properly applied tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) will heal as well no matter the aftercare, as long as infection is avoided.

tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) removal

While tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s are considered permanent, it is possible, to varying degrees, to remove them. Complete removal, however, is often not possible, and the expense and pain of removing them typically will be greater than the expense and pain of applying them. Some jurisdictions will pay for the voluntary removal of gang tattoos (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul).

tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) removal is most commonly performed using lasers that react with the ink in the tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul), and break it down. The broken-down ink is then absorbed by the body, mimicking the natural fading that time or sun exposure would create. This technique often requires many repeated visits to remove even a small tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul), and may result in permanent scarring. The newer Q-switched lasers are said by the National Institute of Health to result in scarring only rarely, however, and are usually used only after a topical anaesthetic has been applied. The NIH recognizes five types of tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul); amateur, professional, cosmetic, medical, and traumatic (or natural). Amateur tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s are easier and quicker to remove, usually, than professional tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s. Areas with thin skin will be more likely to scar than thicker-skinned areas. There are several types of Q-switched lasers, and each is effective at removing a different range of the color spectrum.

Some wearers opt to cover an unwanted tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) with a new tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul). This is commonly known as a cover-up. An artfully done cover-up may render the old tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) completely invisible, though this will depend largely on the size, style, colours and techniques used on the old tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul). Some shops and artists use laser removal machines to break down and lighten undesired tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s to make coverage with a new tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) easier. Since tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) ink is translucent, covering up a previous tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) necessitates darker tones in the new tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) to effectively hide the older, unwanted piece.

Health risks

Modern tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) artist’s latex gloves and sterilized equipment.
Because it requires breaking the skin barrier, tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing may carry health risks, including infection and allergic reactions. In the United States, for example, a person who receives a tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) will generally be prohibited from donating blood for 12 months (FDA 2000), unless the procedure was done in a state-regulated and licensed studio, using sterile technique (Red Cross,2006). Most studios that are eligible can provide vouchers.

Modern western tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ers reduce such risks by following universal precautions, working with single-use items, and sterilizing their equipment after each use. Many jurisdictions require that tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ists have bloodborne pathogen training, such as is provided through the Red Cross and OSHA.

Infection

Since tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) instruments come in contact with blood and bodily fluids, diseases may be transmitted if the instruments are used on more than one person without being sterilized. However, infection from tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing in clean and modern tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) studios employing single-use needles is rare. In amateur tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s, such as those applied in prisons, however, there is an elevated risk of infection. To address this problem, a program was introduced in Canada as of the summer of 2005 that provides legal tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing in prisons, both to reduce health risks and to provide inmates with a marketable skill. Inmates were to be trained to staff and operate the tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) parlors once six of them open successfully.

Infections that could be transmitted via the use of unsterilized tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) equipment include surface infections of the skin, herpes simplex virus, tetanus, staph, fungal infections, some forms of hepatitis, and HIV. No person in the United States is reported to have contracted HIV via a commercially-applied tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing process. Washington state’s OSHA studies have suggested that since the needles used in tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing are not hollow, in the case of a needle stick injury the amount of fluids transmitted may be small enough that HIV would be difficult to transmit. Tetanus risk is prevented by having an up-to-date tetanus booster prior to being tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ed. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention states that no data exist in the United States indicating that persons with exposures to tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing alone are at increased risk for HCV infection. In 2006, the CDC reported 3 clusters with 44 cases of methicillin-resistant staph infection traced to unlicensed tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ists (MMWR 55(24)). One should not consume alcohol directly before or after getting a tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul). Not only does it weaken the body’s ability to deal with physical stress, alcohol thins the blood, causing more bleeding during the procedure.

Allergic reactions

Allergic reactions to tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) pigments are uncommon except for certain brands of red and green. People who are sensitive or allergic to certain metals may react to pigments in the skin with swelling and/or itching, and/or oozing of clear fluid called sebum. Such reactions are quite rare, however, and some artists will recommend performing a test patch.

For those who are allergic to latex, many artists are using non-latex or will use non-latex gloves if asked.

There is also a small risk of anaphylactic shock (hypersensitive reaction) in those who are susceptible, but the chance of a health risk is small.

tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) Inks

Although the FDA technically requires premarket approval of inks; because of limited resources, it has not actually approved the use of any ink for tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s. As of 2004 they do perform studies to determine if the contents are possibly dangerous, and follow up with legal action if they find them to have disallowed contents including traces of heavy metals or other carcinogenic materials (see CA lawsuit). The first known study to characterize the composition of these inks was started in 2005 at Northern Arizona University (Finley-Jones and Wagner). The FDA expects local authorities to legislate and test tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) inks and inks made for the use of permanent cosmetics. In California, the state prohibits certain ingredients and pursues companies who fail to notify the consumer of the contents of tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) inks. Recently, the state of California sued nine ink manufacturers, requiring them to more adequately label their products.

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS plastic) ground down to an average diameter of slightly less than 1 micron is used as the colorant in some tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) inks. The tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) inks that use ABS result in very vivid tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s which is the most obvious indicator that the ink contains ABS, as tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) inks that contain ABS rarely if ever list their ingredients.

There has been concern expressed about the interaction between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures and tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) inks, some of which contain trace metals. Allegedly, the magnetic fields produced by MRI machines could interact with these metal particles, potentially causing burns or distortions in the image. The television show MythBusters tested the theory, and found no interaction between tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) inks and MRI.

However, research by Shellock and Crues reports adverse reactions to MRI and tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s in a very small number of cases. Wagle and Smith also documented an isolated case of tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)-Induced Skin Burn During MR Imaging. The person in the case had a dark, concentrated, loop-shaped tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul), which the authors speculate could have acted as an RF (radio frequency) pick-up; they also note that this is the first such case they encountered in “thousands of MRI studies”. Ratnapalan et al. report another case where an MRI could not be completed due to the patient’s extensive tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s. According to the American Chemical society, home-made tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s, in which metallic inks have been used in larger quantities, cause these reactions.

Temporary tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s

Temporary tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s are not true tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s, rather, they are a type of body sticker, similar to a decal. They are generally applied to the skin using water to temporarily transfer the design to the surface of the skin. Temporary tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s are waterproof, but can be removed with oil-based creams, and are intended to last only a few days.

Magician Penn Jillette (of Penn & Teller fame) writes in his book “Penn & Teller’s How to Play in Traffic” that he had a special tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) made on his arm that used no pigment (The tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) machine was run without ink). Penn states that the tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) left a red scar that had a discernable pattern, but would heal to near invisibility after five or six years.

Other forms of temporary “tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s” are henna tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s, also known as Mehndi, and the marks made by the stains of silver nitrate on the skin when exposed to ultraviolet light. Both methods, silver nitrate and henna, can take up to two weeks to fade from the skin.

Airbrush tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s are another popular form of temporary tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s. This process involves using a stencil design and spraying paint through the stencil onto the skin. This form of tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) lasts approximately a week and is said to be the more realistic type available today.

The original form of temporary tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s, usually found in bubble gum, were an ink transfer that often made the image look blurry and would come off with water contact. Today’s temporary tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s use vegetable dyes and a layer of glue similar to what is found in a Band-Aid. These tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s can look extremely realistic and last up to 3 weeks.

Forensics

tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s are sometimes used by forensic pathologists to help them identify burned, putrefied, or mutilated bodies. tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) pigment is deep enough in the skin that even severe burns will often not destroy a tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul).

Notes

Deb Acord “Who knew: Mommy has a tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)”, Maine Sunday Telegram Nov. 19, 2006
Oregon state health dept. – http://www.oregon.gov/OHLA/links.shtml
References

Anthropological

Comparative study about Ötzi’s therapeutic tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s (L. Renaut, 2004, French and English abstract)
Fisher, Jill A. 2002. tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing the Body, Marking Culture. Body & Society 8 (4): 91-107.
PhD Thesis on body-marking in Antiquity (L. Renaut, 2004, French and English abstract)
Marked for Life: Jews and tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s (Shaun Raviv, June 2006, Moment Magazine).
Buckland, A. W.: „On tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing“, in Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 1887/12, p. 318-328.
Caplan, Jane ed.: Written on the Body: The tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) in European and American History, Princeton 2000.
DeMello, Margo: Bodies of Inscription: A Cultural History of the Modern tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) Community, California – Duke University Press 2000.
Gell, Alfred: Wrapping in Images: tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing in Polynesia, Oxford – Clarendon Press 1993.
Gilbert, Stephen G.: tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) History. A Source Book, New York – Juno Books 2001.
Gustafson, Mark: „Inscripta in fronte – Penal tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing in Late Antiquity“, in Classical Antiquity, April 1997, Vol. 16/No. 1, p. 79-105.
Hambly, Wilfrid Dyson: The History of tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing and Its Significance: With Some Account of Other Forms of Corporal Marking, London – H. F.& G. Witherby 1925 (Detroit 1974).
Jelski, Andrzej: Tatuaz, Warszawa – Wydawnictwo Alfa 1993 (Polish).
Joest, Wilhelm: Tätowiren, Narbenzeichnen und Körperbemalen: Ein Beitrage zur vergleichenden Ethnologie, Leipzig/Berlin 1887 (German).
Jones, C. P.: „Stigma: tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing and Branding in Graeco-Roman Antiquity“, in Journal of Roman Studies, 77/1987, s. 139-155.
Keimer, Ludwig: Remarques sur le Tatouage dans l´Egypte ancienne, Le Caire – Imprimerie de L´Institut Francais D´Archéologie orientale 1948 (French).
Lombroso, Cesare: „The Savage Origin of tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing“, in Popular Science Monthly, Vol. IV., 1896.
Rubin, Arnold ed.: Marks of Civilization. Artistic Transformations of the Human Body, Los Angeles – UCLA Museum of Cultural History 1988.
Rychlík, Martin: Tetování, skarifikace a jiné zdobení tela, Prague – NLN 2005 (Czech).
Sanders, Clinton R.: Customizing the Body. The Art and Culture of tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing, Philadelphia – Temple University Press 1989.
Sinclair, A.T.: „tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing of the North American Indians“, in American Anthropologist 1909/11, No. 3, p. 362-400.
Popular and artistic

Harris Interactive. A Third of Americans With tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s Say They Make Them Feel More Sexy. The Harris Poll #58, October 8, 2003. Retrieved on August 22, 2006.
Ink: The Not-Just-Skin-Deep Guide to Getting a tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) Terisa Green, ISBN 0-451-21514-1
The tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) Encyclopedia: A Guide to Choosing Your tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) Terisa Green, ISBN 0-7432-2329-2
Total tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) Book Amy Krakow, ISBN 0-446-67001-4
Medical

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC’s Position on tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing and HCV Infection. Retrieved on June 12, 2006.
United States Food and Drug Administration. tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s and Permanent Makeup. CFSAN/Office of Cosmetics and Colors (2000; updated [2004, 2006]). Retrieved on June 12, 2006.
Haley Finley-Jones, Leslie D. Wagner, and Jani C. Ingram. In the flesh: Chemical characterization of tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) inks. Northern Arizona University. Retrieved on June 13, 2006 ].
Haley R.W. and Fischer R.P., Commercial tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)ing as a potential source of hepatitis C infection, Medicine, March 2000;80:134-151
Mayo Clinic. tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s and piercings: What to know beforehand. Mayo Clinc.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infections Among tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) Recipients — Ohio, Kentucky, and Vermont, 2004–2005. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 55(24);677-679. Retrieved on June 23, 2006.
MR Safety and the American College of Radiology Shellock, F.G. and Crues, J.V. American Journal of Roentgenology White Paper
tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)-Induced Skin Burn During MR Imaging Wagle, W.A. and Smith, M. American Journal of Roentgenology: Article
Articles on tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul).com, CA lawsuit[3]
Article listing inks which may react to MRI[4]
American Chemical Society study[5]
Washington state OSHA information about HIV in body fluids [6]
NIH report on Q-switch and ruby laser removal methods [7]
Red Cross Donation Guidelines for recent tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul)s, 2006[8]
Other references

Investigation of pigments in tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) colours Survey no. 2, 2002, Danish Environmental Protection Agency:
Canada to open prison tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) parlors May 4, 2004, CNN.com
tattoo (dövme piercing kadıköy istanbul) FAQ November 22, 2006, Article Dashboard

A tattoo is a design on the skin that can be either permanent or non-permanent. Non-permanents are called temporary tattoos. The tattoo piece is pressed on dry skin while a piece of wet cloth is applied to the paper backing to remove it and later, the tattoo can be washed off.

Permanent tattoos on the other hand are made with tattoo needles. These needles are attached to needle bars that can punctures the skin at 50 to 3,000 times a minute. Professionals know how deep to pierce the skin to create a permanent line. Going too deep will cause pain to the person getting the tattoo, and not going deep enough will result in scratchy lines. The length of time it takes for the tattoo to be finished depends on the intricacy and size of the design.
Where did tattoos originate?

Nobody knows for sure where it originated from. There is evidence that it may be an ancient craft going all the way back to the ice age. There are mummified remains of ancient Egyptians with tattoos.

The word tattoo is believed to originate from the Tahitian word tattau. An entry in Captain James Cook’s journal in the year 1768 mentions the word tattau in his encounter with Polynesians. The Tahitians taught the sailors the craft who in turn taught it to other sailors, and that is why tattoo is often associated with sailors.

What are the health risks?

There are health risks that are attached to getting a tattoo. They are tuberculosis, HIV and hepatitis B and C. The tattoo needles need to be sterilized after each use by using proper sterilizing equipment.

There are standards set out by The Alliance of Professional Tattooists which the professional tattooist should follow. Getting tattoos done by professionals who adhere to these rules will minimize the health risks.

Can a tattoo be removed?

There are several factors that must be considered for the successful removal of a tattoo:

1. Ink injected evenly on the same level of skin or many levels of skin? Chances are better if the ink was injected on the same level.

2. Size and location of the tattoo.

3. The age of the tattoo (how long ago was it done?) Newer ones are harder to take off.

4. How well the person will heal from the removal procedure.

Total and complete removal is never guaranteed. The pain from getting a tattoo is far less than the pain of getting it removed. The standard today for tattoo removal is with laser surgery. It is easier to remove certain colors than others, for example yellow and blue are the hardest to remove.

The technique used with this laser technology is called Q switching. There are three lasers that use this technique; the Q-switched Ruby, the Q-switched Alexandrite, the Q-switched Nd (YAG).

It usually takes more than one session to remove the tattoo. A side effect of this procedure is hyper- pigmentation and hypo-pigmentation. Hyper-pigmentation is where the skin color is darker than normal and hypo-pigmentation is where the skin color is lighter than normal.

Cost of tattoo removal

The cost is certainly high and would depend on several factors like how many sessions it would take to removal the tattoo. Health insurance will not cover this procedure so this would be a big out of pocket expenditure. So do think carefully before getting a tattoo and if you decide to get one, get it done by a professional.

Tribal tattoos are among the most popular designs. They have been around for hundreds and hundreds of years and they have been changing and becoming more and more complicated with their styles and designs. Tribal designs can either be the traditional black style that cover the legs and the arms or the more colorful designs that can cover the entire body.

Tribal tattoo designs are the most popular, although flowers, dragons, and other symbols make great tattoos as well. The lower back offers plenty of natural curves as well, which can arrange for an innovative tattoo. Often times, women tend to include tribals that spread, covering the base of their hips as well.